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A Comprehensive Survey of Aerial Mesh Networks (AMN): Characteristics, Application, Open Issues, Challenges, and Research Directions

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Abstract

The integration of wireless devices has represented a significant leap forward in Information Technology, substantially enhancing human convenience. A notable subset of these networks is Aerial Mesh Networks (AMNs), akin to Mobile Ad-hoc networks (MANETs) and Vehicular Ad-hoc networks (VANETs), functioning wirelessly with mobility capabilities. AMNs have found increasing utility in remote and challenging environments, particularly in disaster scenarios where swift and effective action is imperative for saving lives. These networks boast traits such as easy deployment, self-configuration, and self-organization, seamlessly integrating with existing networks like cellular networks, WLANs, and WMANs. Despite the myriad benefits of AMNs, there remain unexplored avenues that necessitate further investigation to fully harness their potential. Researchers continue to strive towards optimizing AMNs for diverse application domains, ensuring maximal efficiency and accuracy. A succinct literature review of AMNs encompasses their varied characteristics, addressing issues such as routing, handover, node positioning, security, as well as network considerations like target coverage, robustness, fault tolerance, and load balancing. Additionally, it highlights key application areas including agriculture, civil applications, greenhouse gas monitoring, and disaster management. Finally, it elucidates pertinent open issues and future directions warranting exploration.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. GITAM University, Hyderabad, Telangana, 502329, India

    Manali Gupta

  2. School of Computer Science, UPES, Dehradun, UK, India

    Khushboo Jain

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  1. Manali Gupta
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Correspondence to Khushboo Jain.

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Appendix

Appendix

In this appendix, we enlist all the acronyms used in this paper with their connotations.

AMN

Aerial Mesh Networks

AODV

Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector

BLE

Bluetooth Low Energy

CM

Centimeter

DTN

Delay Tolerant Networks

DEQPSO

Differential Evolution with Quantum-behaved Particle Swarm Optimization

DOLSR

Directional OLSR

DSR

Dynamic Source Routing

IMU

Inertial Measuring Unit

EPO

Emperor Penguin Optimization

FANET

Flying Ad hoc Networks

GNSS

Global Navigation Satellite System

GPSR

Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing

HRC

Hybrid Routing based on Clustering

INSARAG

International Search and Rescue Advisory Group

LCAD

Load Carry and Deliver

MANETs

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

ML-OLSR

Mobility and Load Aware OLSR

MPCA

Mobility Prediction Clustering Algorithm

NIC

Network Interface Cards

NDIR

Non-Dispersive Infrared

O-HWMP

Optimized Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol

PSO

Particle Swarm Optimization

POLSR

Predictive OLSR

RTORA

Rapid Re-establishment Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm

RGR

Reactive Greedy Reactive

RSSI

Received Signal Strength Indicator

SAR

Search and Rescue

SF

Synchronous Flooding

TBRPF

Topology Broadcast Based on Reverse-Path Forwarding

UAVR

UAV-Assisted VANETS Routing

UWB

Ultra-Wideband

UAVs

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

UGVs

Unmanned Ground Vehicles

VANETs

Vehicular Ad-hoc networks

WWO

Water Wave Optimization

Wi-Fi

Wireless Fidelity

WLANs

Wireless Local Area Networks

WMNs

Wireless Mesh Networks

WMANs

Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks

WSANs

Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks

WPANs

Wireless Personal Area Networks

WSN

Wireless Sensor Networks

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Gupta, M., Jain, K. A Comprehensive Survey of Aerial Mesh Networks (AMN): Characteristics, Application, Open Issues, Challenges, and Research Directions. Wireless Pers Commun 138, 333–368 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-024-11503-7

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