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Precise, efficient, and context-sensitive cache analysis

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Abstract

Bounding the Worst-Case Execution Time (WCET) of real-time software requires precise knowledge about the reachable program and hardware states that might be observed at runtime. The analysis of precise cache states is particularly important and challenging. Due to the high cost of cache misses the analysis precision may have an important impact on the obtainable WCET bounds, while the large state space of the cache’s history leads to high analysis complexity. This work explores the use of cache summaries in order to optimize the computation of precise cache states. These cache summaries allow us to pre-compute the impact of executing a portion of a program, typically a function, on the cache state. This allows us, for instance, to skip the analysis of entire functions (including nested function calls) when the cache states within these functions are not relevant for the classification of memory accesses into hits/misses. Furthermore, the summaries can be extended to efficiently compute fully context-sensitive cache states. The summaries then not only allow to derive typical cache hit/miss classifications, but also provide fully context-sensitive cache persistence information.

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Notes

  1. https://www.gaisler.com/index.php/products/processors/leon3.

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Acknowledgements

The author would like to thank Thomas Robert for sharing his understanding on BDDs/ZDDs and the associated libraries as well as Mihail Asavoae for the insight-full discussions leading up to this work. The author would like to thank in particular Amine Naji for his contributions to the Odyssey WCET analysis framework.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. LTCI, Télécom Paris, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Paris, France

    Florian Brandner

  2. Laboratoire Cogitamus, Paris, France

    Camille Noûs

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  1. Florian Brandner
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  2. Camille Noûs
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Correspondence to Florian Brandner.

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Brandner, F., Noûs, C. Precise, efficient, and context-sensitive cache analysis. Real-Time Syst 58, 36–84 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11241-021-09372-5

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