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In vitro evaluation of phenolic and osmolite compounds, ionic content, and antioxidant activity in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under salinity stress

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Abstract

Carthamus tinctorius L., rich in antioxidant compounds, is a herbal medicine. Biochemical mechanisms of adaptation to salinity stress in safflower are still poorly understood at the cellular level. For this purpose, callus cultures of four different genotypes of safflower were used in this study to evaluate changes in their biochemical (ionic content, proline, and glycine betaine), total phenolics content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFD), antioxidant responses (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl: DPPH assay and carotenoid content), and lipid peroxidation (malon dialdehyde content: MDA) under salinity stress. The calluses derived from hypocotyls were exposed to in vitro salt stress at different concentrations of sodium chloride (0, 100, 200, and 300 mM). A reducing trend was observed in K+ and carotenoid reserves of the calluses with increasing NaCl concentration while an increasing trend was observed in Na+ content, proline, MDA, TPC, TFD, and DPPH activity under the same conditions. Callus glycine betaine content was found to decrease in the medium containing 100 mM NaCl but increased beyond this concentration up to 300 mM NaCl. Positive and significant correlations were recognized between DPPH and total phenolics as well as DPPH and total flavonoid contents, demonstrating that phenolics are the main contributors to the potential antioxidant activity of safflower at the cellular level. Overall, the salt-tolerant genotypes of Mex.2-137 and Mex.2-138 were found capable of being processed for the production of secondary metabolites via NaCl elicitation.

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Abbreviations

DPPH:

2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl

TFD:

Total flavonoids content

TPC:

Total phenolics content

MDA:

Malon dialdehyde

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Research Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran. We appreciated Dr. Roustazade for English editing of the article.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran

    Pooran Golkar & Marzieh Taghizadeh

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  1. Pooran Golkar
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  2. Marzieh Taghizadeh
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MT carried out the experiment work, collected the data, and organized it in excel sheets. PG guided the experiment, data analysis writing and editing the main body of the paper.

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Correspondence to Pooran Golkar.

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The authors have no conflicts of interest in regard to this research or its funding.

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Communicated by Sergio J. Ochatt.

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Golkar, P., Taghizadeh, M. In vitro evaluation of phenolic and osmolite compounds, ionic content, and antioxidant activity in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under salinity stress. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 134, 357–368 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-018-1427-4

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