Abstract
Over the last two decades, emerging countries located outside North America and Europe have reshaped the global economy. These countries are also increasing their share of the world’s scientific output. This paper analyzes the evolution of BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) and G-7 countries’ international scientific collaboration, and compares it with high-technology economic exchanges between 1995–1997 and 2010–2012. Our results show that BRICS scientific activities are enhanced by their high-technology exports and, to a larger extent, by their international collaboration with G-7 countries which remains, over the period studied, at the core of the BRICS scientific collaboration network. However, while high-technology exports made by most BRICS countries to G-7 countries have increased over the studied period, both the intra-BRICS high-technology flows and the intra-BRICS scientific collaboration have remained very weak.
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Notes
These countries are: Brazil, South Korea, Mexico, Russia, Argentina, Turkey, Indonesia, Poland, South Africa, Thailand, Egypt, Colombia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Chile.
Statistic for China refers to China PR, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan.
Resolution no 11 (2009 Summit): We reaffirm to advance cooperation among our countries in science and education with the aim, inter alia, to engage in fundamental research and development of advanced technologies.
Source: BRICS Information Center, University of Toronto (www.brics.utoronto.ca).
Resolution no 29 (2010 Summit): We reaffirm our commitment to advance cooperation among BRIC countries in science, culture and sports.
Source: BRICS Information Center, University of Toronto (www.brics.utoronto.ca).
Includes ‘Electronics (excluding parts and components) (SITC 751 + 752 + 761 + 762 + 763)’, ‘Parts and components for electrical and electronic goods (SITC 759 + 764 + 776)’, ‘Machinery and transport equipment (SITC 7)’, ‘Medicinal and pharmaceutical products’ (UNCTAD Statistics 2014).
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Appendices
Appendix 1
Engineering and Technology co-publications for the period 1995–1997
Brazil | Canada | China | France | Germany | India | Italy | Japan | Russia | S. Africa | UK | USA | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brazil | 49 | 11 | 71 | 45 | 7 | 30 | 16 | 18 | 0 | 72 | 165 | |
Canada | 151 | 205 | 143 | 78 | 67 | 188 | 51 | 11 | 153 | 1031 | ||
China | 57 | 166 | 3 | 59 | 270 | 10 | 2 | 231 | 461 | |||
France | 400 | 38 | 267 | 82 | 161 | 6 | 264 | 678 | ||||
Germany | 93 | 222 | 239 | 336 | 21 | 377 | 1018 | |||||
India | 22 | 43 | 8 | 1 | 62 | 309 | ||||||
Italy | 59 | 83 | 3 | 217 | 580 | |||||||
Japan | 114 | 2 | 175 | 1123 | ||||||||
Russia | 9 | 88 | 386 | |||||||||
S. Africa | 35 | 46 | ||||||||||
UK | 777 | |||||||||||
USA |
Engineering and Technology co-publications for the period 2010–2012
Brazil | Canada | China | France | Germany | India | Italy | Japan | Russia | S. Africa | UK | USA | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brazil | 142 | 110 | 355 | 252 | 79 | 166 | 52 | 66 | 13 | 204 | 612 | |
Canada | 1863 | 651 | 402 | 234 | 245 | 316 | 68 | 30 | 445 | 2473 | ||
China | 1059 | 1216 | 215 | 288 | 2369 | 189 | 62 | 2848 | 8527 | |||
France | 1432 | 311 | 1142 | 454 | 407 | 92 | 1009 | 1808 | ||||
Germany | 411 | 949 | 538 | 587 | 65 | 1389 | 2455 | |||||
India | 173 | 313 | 77 | 98 | 344 | 1296 | ||||||
Italy | 221 | 189 | 25 | 943 | 1679 | |||||||
Japan | 148 | 15 | 501 | 1654 | ||||||||
Russia | 12 | 229 | 486 | |||||||||
S. Africa | 109 | 161 | ||||||||||
UK | 2178 | |||||||||||
USA |
Medical Sciences co-publications for the period 1995–1997
Brazil | Canada | China | France | Germany | India | Italy | Japan | Russia | S. Africa | UK | USA | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brazil | 165 | 21 | 241 | 188 | 17 | 80 | 98 | 27 | 11 | 345 | 1118 | |
Canada | 102 | 1182 | 777 | 54 | 433 | 626 | 99 | 57 | 1372 | 7570 | ||
China | 134 | 132 | 22 | 47 | 413 | 25 | 4 | 206 | 824 | |||
France | 1871 | 85 | 1521 | 544 | 325 | 80 | 2480 | 4574 | ||||
Germany | 122 | 1314 | 845 | 542 | 114 | 2845 | 6792 | |||||
India | 42 | 83 | 16 | 5 | 216 | 554 | ||||||
Italy | 309 | 145 | 44 | 1868 | 4105 | |||||||
Japan | 119 | 35 | 1108 | 6425 | ||||||||
Russia | 6 | 336 | 905 | |||||||||
S. Africa | 258 | 341 | ||||||||||
UK | 7611 | |||||||||||
USA |
Medical Sciences co-publications for the period 2010–2012
Brazil | Canada | China | France | Germany | India | Italy | Japan | Russia | S. Africa | UK | USA | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brazil | 1178 | 328 | 1169 | 1216 | 250 | 1059 | 387 | 116 | 207 | 1664 | 5821 | |
Canada | 2553 | 3667 | 4032 | 608 | 2423 | 1419 | 266 | 460 | 6173 | 20,856 | ||
China | 1231 | 2204 | 466 | 789 | 3247 | 273 | 168 | 3280 | 20,640 | |||
France | 6937 | 529 | 5561 | 1458 | 507 | 465 | 8152 | 11,810 | ||||
Germany | 696 | 6722 | 2166 | 879 | 492 | 11,779 | 19,770 | |||||
India | 393 | 534 | 82 | 187 | 1234 | 3656 | ||||||
Italy | 1071 | 394 | 290 | 8011 | 12,655 | |||||||
Japan | 222 | 133 | 2590 | 10,986 | ||||||||
Russia | 63 | 617 | 1600 | |||||||||
S. Africa | 1616 | 2408 | ||||||||||
UK | 23,715 | |||||||||||
USA |
Earth and Space co-publications for the period 1995–1997
Brazil | Canada | China | France | Germany | India | Italy | Japan | Russia | S. Africa | UK | USA | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brazil | 41 | 9 | 136 | 63 | 14 | 67 | 27 | 19 | 17 | 88 | 240 | |
Canada | 69 | 309 | 289 | 24 | 81 | 152 | 115 | 34 | 368 | 1557 | ||
China | 82 | 114 | 7 | 23 | 99 | 27 | 7 | 94 | 276 | |||
France | 663 | 49 | 417 | 130 | 230 | 33 | 592 | 1412 | ||||
Germany | 81 | 433 | 149 | 319 | 68 | 703 | 1796 | |||||
India | 30 | 42 | 20 | 9 | 68 | 198 | ||||||
Italy | 51 | 104 | 18 | 353 | 696 | |||||||
Japan | 79 | 14 | 182 | 842 | ||||||||
Russia | 11 | 174 | 546 | |||||||||
S. Africa | 93 | 154 | ||||||||||
UK | 1983 | |||||||||||
USA |
Earth and Space co-publications for the period 2010–2012
Brazil | Canada | China | France | Germany | India | Italy | Japan | Russia | S. Africa | UK | USA | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brazil | 140 | 76 | 402 | 377 | 50 | 202 | 83 | 47 | 49 | 300 | 756 | |
Canada | 1010 | 1359 | 1486 | 162 | 736 | 482 | 205 | 202 | 1874 | 4425 | ||
China | 666 | 1190 | 146 | 341 | 1001 | 183 | 71 | 1188 | 4768 | |||
France | 3258 | 290 | 2303 | 840 | 541 | 311 | 3104 | 5035 | ||||
Germany | 382 | 2463 | 1022 | 904 | 389 | 3757 | 6454 | |||||
India | 152 | 271 | 100 | 79 | 287 | 889 | ||||||
Italy | 546 | 339 | 170 | 2110 | 3364 | |||||||
Japan | 284 | 116 | 989 | 2596 | ||||||||
Russia | 61 | 487 | 966 | |||||||||
S. Africa | 497 | 561 | ||||||||||
UK | 6938 | |||||||||||
USA |
Appendix 2
Total high-technology exportsa between BRICS and G-7 countries during the period 1995–1997
Economy partner | Brazil | Canada | China | France | Germany | India |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brazil | 1,108,274.57 | 5,535,033.68 | 2,300,504.26 | 9,493,056.27 | 57,877.243 | |
Canada | 221,206.198 | 8,317,911.49 | 3,141,493.76 | 5,864,859.7 | 84,703.051 | |
China | 515,930.426 | 4,768,989.53 | 17,403,664 | 30,159,106.2 | 494,534.607 | |
France | 593,627.933 | 1,656,268.87 | 11,123,586.7 | 96,591,463.8 | 140,093.125 | |
Germany | 1,338,511.35 | 2,702,556.37 | 32,143,451.5 | 73,327,852.4 | 614,833.998 | |
India | 58,460.466 | 219,377.926 | 3,158,104.7 | 1,746,650.03 | 5,253,224.26 | |
Italy | 1,022,789.75 | 601,976.218 | 6,795,436.96 | 33,278,495.6 | 60,869,105.7 | 245,342.467 |
Japan | 235,894.191 | 1,442,138 | 67,426,234.4 | 4,190,650.98 | 25,910,246.7 | 118,273.571 |
Russia | 32,097.585 | 343,591.131 | 1,590,619.85 | 2985800.86 | 12,283,325.4 | 408,248.526 |
S. Africa | 388,552.332 | 201,510.789 | 3,833,399.53 | 1,663,339.61 | 8,669,576.65 | 145,862.55 |
UK | 562,983.063 | 3,561,251.16 | 22,280,976.2 | 44,363,375 | 79,249,427.4 | 887,791.014 |
USA | 9,281,469.95 | 241,385,697 | 172,785,615 | 31,254,443.7 | 84,043,622.3 | 1,880,985.5 |
Economy partner | Italy | Japan | Russia | S. Africa | UK | USA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brazil | 6,585,713.91 | 7,008,407.01 | 6,609.451 | 89,165.132 | 2,165,389.08 | 32,114,426.9 |
Canada | 2,581,526.02 | 16,645,337.5 | 33,135.618 | 104,652.077 | 4,948,961.7 | 278,958,834 |
China | 12,541,724.6 | 174,667,606 | 2,035,615.23 | 504,784.037 | 13,584,303.6 | 96,642,591.7 |
France | 41,700,050.3 | 16,985,807.6 | 96,282.39 | 498,361.189 | 40,529,069.8 | 35,735,812.6 |
Germany | 47,274,032 | 63,204,579.8 | 979,354.577 | 2,747,261.39 | 60,817,804.2 | 54,521,915.1 |
India | 1,965,155.01 | 4,374,663.2 | 1,054,811.26 | 289,602.752 | 2,758,528.81 | 6,165,868.99 |
Italy | 9,626,026.84 | 109,004.824 | 261,658.747 | 22,843,434.8 | 16,124,896.6 | |
Japan | 3,876,925.63 | 151,232.478 | 532,500.109 | 13,444,269.3 | 115,364,810 | |
Russia | 4,250,135.02 | 3,125,188.11 | 24,697.987 | 3,112,746.8 | 4,075,608.28 | |
S. Africa | 2,399,015.06 | 5,215,853.06 | 4,730.313 | 6,052,733.56 | 5,521,300.57 | |
UK | 23,389,342.1 | 43,185,341.6 | 153,357.265 | 1,584,003.64 | 76,683,916.1 | |
USA | 22,076,804.4 | 374,359,641 | 320,235.981 | 1,709,587.02 | 57,684,256.6 |
Total high-technology exportsa between BRICS and G-7 countries during the period 2010–2012
Economy partner | Brazil | Canada | China | France | Germany | India |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brazil | 2,537,253.61 | 70,666,480.7 | 9,810,857.78 | 26,691,010.4 | 2,087,242.51 | |
Canada | 991,945.726 | 53,453,342.7 | 4,737,524.96 | 21,656,047.8 | 901,704.232 | |
China | 3,834,264.87 | 7,942,057.86 | 50,376,341.3 | 217,196,480 | 5,427,026.47 | |
France | 1,522,463.88 | 4,522,375.95 | 77,749,618.2 | 226,694,799 | 2,906,982.87 | |
Germany | 5,280,281.74 | 4,837,382.23 | 213,177,059 | 151,525,172 | 6,008,122.76 | |
India | 763,614.794 | 1,478,318.71 | 123,846,794 | 7,370,333.88 | 24,517,194.7 | |
Italy | 1,665,948.74 | 1,474,353.96 | 70,291,088 | 44,979,299.7 | 124,653,569 | 3,443,127.97 |
Japan | 559,158.976 | 2,258,458.04 | 355,441,941 | 10,144,637.5 | 39,220,385.8 | 1,300,712.65 |
Russia | 330,427.623 | 2,295,825.57 | 67,461,182.6 | 18,629,134.1 | 85,292,540.9 | 3,299,508.86 |
S. Africa | 1,980,408.99 | 843,383.67 | 23,301,796.7 | 5,132,571.18 | 23,208,932.9 | 5,415,742.47 |
UK | 1,616,130.41 | 6,583,497.42 | 101,301,619 | 44,510,169.7 | 155,854,807 | 6,045,528.13 |
USA | 14,485,197.1 | 300,398,111 | 979,671,914 | 50,710,189.4 | 214,285,973 | 22,380,937.9 |
Economy partner | Italy | Japan | Russia | S. Africa | UK | USA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brazil | 12,426,676.3 | 13,317,077 | 81,423.658 | 319,920.861 | 5,886,598.78 | 61,242,834.5 |
Canada | 3,849,842.48 | 24,466,136.8 | 48,197.372 | 504,593.225 | 9,620,967.11 | 421,686,868 |
China | 27,123,295.6 | 484,992,004 | 3,507,670.3 | 809,485.138 | 43,941,631.1 | 214,388,418 |
France | 65,350,976 | 16,147,164.2 | 341,392.201 | 1,251,528.31 | 36,676,909.8 | 31,109,824.6 |
Germany | 74,013,103.1 | 52,969,171 | 1,772,505.03 | 7,137,069.28 | 68,851,353.1 | 74,715,223 |
India | 8,538,856.34 | 17,761,377 | 4,434,286.8 | 317,476.11 | 6,256,034.37 | 18,408,389 |
Italy | 10,540,336.2 | 174,977.18 | 240,337.141 | 24,604,641.4 | 19,444,928.2 | |
Japan | 7,181,549.28 | 799,120.816 | 1,427,257.51 | 11,222,912.5 | 65,888,548.5 | |
Russia | 15,469,563.2 | 28,461,925.2 | 333,430.236 | 14,532,930 | 13,023,144.9 | |
S. Africa | 3,438,102.96 | 10,234,082.6 | 101,001.027 | 6,651,042.14 | 10,384,149.1 | |
UK | 29,828,737.6 | 28,851,672.4 | 276,240.857 | 2,003,242.72 | 59,348,056.1 | |
USA | 43,565,489.1 | 324,882,146 | 878,554.417 | 7,960,331.9 | 85,360,632.4 |
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Bouabid, H., Paul-Hus, A. & Larivière, V. Scientific collaboration and high-technology exchanges among BRICS and G-7 countries. Scientometrics 106, 873–899 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-015-1806-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-015-1806-0