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Root orientation can affect detection accuracy of ground-penetrating radar

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Abstract

Aim

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has been applied to detect coarse tree roots. The horizontal angle of a root crossing a scanning line is a factor that affects both root detection and waveform parameter values. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the influence of root orientation (x, degree) on two major waveform parameters, amplitude area (A, dB × ns) and time interval between zero crossings (T, ns).

Methods

We scanned four diameter classes of dowels in a sandy bed as simulated roots using a 900 MHz antenna from multiple angles to clarify the relationships between the parameters and x.

Results

Angle x strongly affected reflection images and A values. The variation in A(x) fitted a sinusoidal waveform, whereas T was independent of x. The value of A scanning at 90° was estimated by A values of arbitrary x in two orthogonal transects. The sum of T in all reflected waveforms showed a significant linear correlation with dowel diameter.

Conclusions

We clarified that root orientation dramatically affected root detection and A values. The sum of T of all reflected waveforms was a suitable parameter for estimating root diameter. Applying grid transects can overcome the effects of root orientation.

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Abbreviations

GPR:

Ground-penetrating radar

x :

Root angle subtended to the transecting lines

A :

Amplitude area

T :

Time interval between zero crossings

ΣA :

Sum of amplitude areas for all of reflection waveforms

ΣT :

Sum of time intervals for all reflection waveforms

Single A max :

Amplitude area of the maximum reflection waveform

Single T max :

Time interval of the maximum reflection waveform

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Acknowledgments

We thank D. Nomoto of KANSO Technos, N. Makita and R. Sasaki of Kyoto University, and U. Kurokawa, T. Chikaguchi, S. Narayama, M. Tanaka, and Y. Shimada and the other members of Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute for their help with the field experiment. We additionally thank M. Ohashi for reading a draft of this manuscript. We acknowledge financial support from Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (No. 22380090, 25252027). This study was also supported by the Program for Supporting Activities for Female Researchers funded by MEXT’s Special Coordination Fund for Promoting Science and Technology.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Nagai-kyutaro, Momoyama, Fushimi, Kyoto, 612-0855, Japan

    Toko Tanikawa

  2. Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan

    Yasuhiro Hirano

  3. Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan

    Masako Dannoura

  4. Hyogo Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Shiso, 671-2515, Japan

    Keitarou Yamase

  5. The General Environmental Technos Co., Ltd. (KANSO TECHNOS), Osaka, 541-0052, Japan

    Kenji Aono, Masahiro Ishii & Tetsurou Igarashi

  6. School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Himeji, 670-0092, Japan

    Hidetoshi Ikeno

  7. Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan

    Yoichi Kanazawa

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  1. Toko Tanikawa
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  2. Yasuhiro Hirano
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  9. Yoichi Kanazawa
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Correspondence to Toko Tanikawa.

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Responsible Editor: Alain Pierret.

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Tanikawa, T., Hirano, Y., Dannoura, M. et al. Root orientation can affect detection accuracy of ground-penetrating radar. Plant Soil 373, 317–327 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-013-1798-6

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