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Encrypted digital watermarking algorithm for quick response code using discrete cosine transform and singular value decomposition

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Abstract

There is a trade-off relationship between the imperceptibility of a watermark and the robustness of a digital watermarking algorithm; to overcome this, we propose a robust digital watermarking encryption algorithm for quick response (QR) code images based on discrete cosine transform (DCT) and singular value decomposition (SVD) through dual scrambling using Josephus ring and cellular automata. Experimental results show that watermark can still be identified from a seriously distorted QR code. The proposed scheme maintains satisfactory image quality, with great robustness to noise, filters, JPEG compression, rotation, cropping, contrast variation attacks, print/scan attacks, and so on. This algorithm can achieve further reform for QR code, which can be widely used to protect the copyright of digital works.

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Abbreviations

QR:

quick response

2D:

The two-dimensional

DCT:

discrete cosine transform

DWT:

discrete wavelet transform

SVD:

singular value decomposition

RST:

rotation, scaling, translation

IF:

intermediate frequency

LF:

low frequency

PSNR:

peak signal-to-noise ratio

CA:

cellular automata

NC:

correlation coefficient

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Acknowledgments

LMS conceived and designed the experiments, and wrote this paper. SLL helped perform the analysis with constructive discussions. PPC and YXC contributed to the structuring and reviewing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

This work is supported by the Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Department Social Development Project (Key) (20190303016SF) and the Changchun City Science and Technology Bureau Local Academy (School, Institute) Cooperation Project (18DY010).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Physics, Circuits and systems, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130024, China

    Limin Sun, Peipei Chen & Yixin Chen

  2. School of Physics, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130024, China

    Shili Liang

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  1. Limin Sun
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Correspondence to Shili Liang.

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Sun, L., Liang, S., Chen, P. et al. Encrypted digital watermarking algorithm for quick response code using discrete cosine transform and singular value decomposition. Multimed Tools Appl 80, 10285–10300 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-020-10075-5

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