Abstract
Although there has been much previous research on which bodily features are most important in gait analysis, the questions of which features should be extracted from gait, and why these features in particular should be extracted, have not been convincingly answered. The primary goal of the study reported here was to take an analytical approach to answering these questions, in the context of identifying the features that are most important for gait recognition and gait attractiveness evaluation. Using precise 3D gait motion data obtained from motion capture, we analyzed the relative motions from different body segments to a root marker (located on the lower back) of 30 males by the fixed root method, and compared them with the original motions without fixing root. Some particular features were obtained by principal component analysis (PCA). The left lower arm, lower legs and hips were identified as important features for gait recognition. For gait attractiveness evaluation, the lower legs were recognized as important features.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arantes M, Gonzaga A (2011) Human gait recognition using extraction and fusion of global motion features. Multimed Tool Appl 55(3):655–675
Barclay CD, Cutting JE, Kozlowski LT (1978) Temporal and spatial actors in gait perception that influence gender recognition. Percept Psychophys 23(2):145–152
Barton JG, Lees A (1997) An application of neural networks for distinguishing gait patterns on the basis of hip-knee joint angle diagrams. Gait Posture 5(1):28–33
Boulgouris NV, Hatzinakos D, Plataniotis KN (2005) Gait recognition: a challenging signal processing technology for biometric identification. Signal Process Mag IEEE 22(6):78–90
Bruijn SM, Meijer OG, Beek PJ, Van Dieën JH (2010) The effects of arm swing on human gait stability. J Exp Biol 213(23):3945–3952
Carriero A, Zavatsky A, Stebbins J, Theologis T, Shefelbine SJ (2009) Determination of gait patterns in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy using principal components. Gait Posture 29(1):71–75
Cho C, Chao W, Lin S, Chen Y (2009) A vision-based analysis system for gait recognition in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Expert Syst Appl 36(3, Part 2):7033–7039
Cunado D, Nixon MS, Carter JN (2003) Automatic extraction and description of human gait models for recognition purposes. Comp Vision Image Underst 90(1):1–41
Cutting JE, Proffitt DR, Kozlowski LT (1978) A biomechanical invariant for gait perception. J Exp Psychol 4(3):357–372
Dantcheva A, Velardo C, D’Angelo A, Dugelay J-L (2011) Bag of soft biometrics for person identification. Multimed Tool Appl 51(2):739–777
Das SR, Wilson RC, Lazarewicz MT, Finkel LH (2006) Two-stage PCA extracts spatiotemporal features for gait recognition. J Multimed 1(5):9–17
Davies APC, Shackelford TK (2008) Two human natures: how men and women evolved different psychologies. In: Crawford CB, Krebs DE (eds) Foundations of evolutionary psychology. Lawrence Erlbaum, New York, pp 261–280
Foster JP, Nixon MS, Prugel-Bennett A (2003) Automatic gait recognition using area-based metrics. Pattern Recogn Lett 24(14):2489–2497
Huang PS, Harris CJ, Nixon MS (1999) Human gait recognition in canonical space using temporal templates. IEEE Vis Image Signal Process 146(2):93–100
Ibrahim RK, Ambikairajah E, Celler BG, Lovell NH (2008) Gait pattern classification using compact features extracted from intrinsic mode functions. Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBS 2008. 30th Annual International Conference of the IEEE: Vancouver, BC: 3852–3855
Jahoda M, Lazarsfeld P, Zeisel H (1933) Die Arbeitslosen von Marienthal. S. Hirzel, Leipzig
Ji X, Liu H (2010) Advances in view-invariant human motion analysis: a review. IEEE Trans Systems Man Cybern Part C Appl Rev 40(1):13–24
Johnson KL, Tassinary LG (2005) Perceiving sex directly and indirectly - meaning in motion and morphology. Psychol Sci 16(11):890–897
Khandoker AH, Lai DTH, Begg RK, Palaniswami M (2007) Wavelet-based feature extraction for support vector machines for screening balance impairments in the elderly. Neural Syst Rehabil Eng IEEE Trans 15(4):587–597
Kozlowski LT, Cutting JE (1977) Recognizing the sex of a walker from dynamic point-light display. Percept Psychophys 21(6):575–580
Li X, Maybank SJ, Tao D (2007) Gender recognition based on local body motions. Systems, Man and Cybernetics, ISIC. IEEE International Conference: Montreal, Que. 3881–3886
Li X, Maybank SJ, Yan S, Tao D, Xu D (2008) Gait components and their application to gender recognition. Syst Man Cybern Part C Appl Rev IEEE Trans 38(2):145–155
Menant JC, Steele JR, Menz HB, Munro BJ, Lord SR (2009) Effects of walking surfaces and footwear on temporo-spatial gait parameters in young and older people. Gait Posture 29(3):392–397
Menant JC, Steele JR, Menz HB, Munro BJ, Lord SR (2009) Rapid gait termination: effects of age, walking surfaces and footwear characteristics. Gait Posture 30(1):65–70
Muniz AMS, Nadal J (2009) Application of principal component analysis in vertical ground reaction force to discriminate normal and abnormal gait. Gait Posture 29(1):31–35
Nixon MS, Carter JN (2004) Advances in automatic gait recognition. IEEE Face and Gesture Analysis 2004 (FG’04): Seoul Korea 139–144
Pogorelc B, Bosnić Z, Gams M (2012) Automatic recognition of gait-related health problems in the elderly using machine learning. Multimed Tool Appl 58(2):333–354
Preece SJ, Goulermas JY, Kenney LPJ, Howard D (2009) A comparison of feature extraction methods for the classification of dynamic activities from accelerometer data. Biomed Eng IEEE Trans 56(3):871–879
Røislien J, Skare Ø, Gustavsen M, Broch NL, Rennie L, Opheim A (2009) Simultaneous estimation of effects of gender, age and walking speed on kinematic gait data. Gait Posture 30(4):441–445
Rosengren KS, Deconinck FJA, DiBerardino LA III, Polk JD, Spencer-Smith J, De Clercq D, Lenoir M (2009) Differences in gait complexity and variability between children with and without Developmental Coordination Disorder. Gait Posture 29(2):225–229
Samantha MR, Ryan BG, Patrick AC (2010) Differentiation of young and older adult stair climbing gait using principal component analysis. Gait Posture 31(2):197–203
Schmitt A, Atzwanger K (1995) Walking fast-ranking high: a sociobiological perspective on pace. Ethol Sociobiol 16:451–462
Tafazzoli F, Safabakhsh R (2010) Model-based human gait recognition using leg and arm movements. Eng Appl Artif Intel 23(8):1237–1246
Tao D, Li X, Wu X, Maybank SJ (2007) General tensor discriminant analysis and Gabor features for gait recognition. Pattern Anal Mach Intell IEEE Trans 29(10):1700–1715
Vrieling AH, van Keeken HG, Schoppen T, Otten E, Halbertsma JPK, Hof AL, Postema K (2008) Uphill and downhill walking in unilateral lower limb amputees. Gait Posture 28(2):235–242
Wang K, Ben X, Zhao Y (2009) Gait period detection based on regional characteristics analysis. Pattern recognition, 2009. CCPR 2009. Chinese conference on: 1–6
Wang L, Hu W, Tan T (2003) Recent developments in human motion analysis. Pattern Recogn 36(3):585–601
Yoo JH, Nixon MS, Harris CJ (2002) Extracting human gait signatures by body segment properties. Fifth IEEE Southwest Symposium on Image Analysis and Interpretation: 35–39
Acknowledgments
We thank the Dorothy Hodgkin Postgraduate Award to Jie Hong and HEFCE SRIF2 project BRUN 07/033 funding for motion capture system.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hong, J., Kang, J. & Price, M.E. Extraction of bodily features for gait recognition and gait attractiveness evaluation. Multimed Tools Appl 71, 1999–2013 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-012-1319-2
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-012-1319-2