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Observer-invariant histopathology using genetics-based machine learning

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Abstract

Prostate cancer accounts for one-third of noncutaneous cancers diagnosed in US men and is a leading cause of cancer-related death. Advances in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic imaging now provide very large data sets describing both the structural and local chemical properties of cells within prostate tissue. Uniting spectroscopic imaging data and computer-aided diagnoses (CADx), our long term goal is to provide a new approach to pathology by automating the recognition of cancer in complex tissue. The first step toward the creation of such CADx tools requires mechanisms for automatically learning to classify tissue types—a key step on the diagnosis process. Here we demonstrate that genetics-based machine learning (GBML) can be used to approach such a problem. However, to efficiently analyze this problem there is a need to develop efficient and scalable GBML implementations that are able to process very large data sets. In this paper, we propose and validate an efficient GBML technique—\({\tt NAX}\)—based on an incremental genetics-based rule learner. \({\tt NAX}\) exploits massive parallelisms via the message passing interface (MPI) and efficient rule-matching using hardware-implemented operations. Results demonstrate that \({\tt NAX}\) is capable of performing prostate tissue classification efficiently, making a compelling case for using GBML implementations as efficient and powerful tools for biomedical image processing.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank David E. Goldberg for his continual support and encouragement, allowing us to have access to the IlliGAL resources. Thanks also to Kumara Sastry for hallway discussions and to the Automated Learning Group and the Data-Intensive Technologies and Applications at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications for hosting this joint collaboration.

This work was sponsored by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Air Force Materiel Command, USAF, under grant FA9550-06-1-0370, the National Science Foundation under grant IIS-02-09199, and the National Institute of Health. The US Government is authorized to reproduce and distribute reprints for Government purposes notwithstanding any copyright notation thereon.

The views and conclusions contained herein are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies or endorsements, either expressed or implied, of the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, the National Science Foundation, or the US Government.

Rohit Bhargava would like to acknowledge collaborators over the years, especially Dr. Stephen M. Hewitt and Dr. Ira W. Levin of the National Institutes of Health, for numerous useful discussions and guidance. Funding for this work was provided in part by University of Illinois Research Board and by the Department of Defense Prostate Cancer Research Program. This work was also funded in part by the National Center for Supercomputing Applications and the University of Illinois, under the auspices of the NCSA/UIUC faculty fellows program.

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Correspondence to Xavier Llorà.

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Llorà, X., Priya, A. & Bhargava, R. Observer-invariant histopathology using genetics-based machine learning. Nat Comput 8, 101–120 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11047-007-9056-6

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