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Integrating Localization and Energy-Awareness: A Novel Geographic Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

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Abstract

Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) are the enabling technology for a new era of underwater monitoring and actuation applications. While an efficient routing protocol for data packet delivery is crucial to UWSNs, design of such a protocol faces many challenges due to the characteristics of the acoustic channel used for communication. One of the challenges is high energy consumption by sensors in routing, which critically shortens the lifespan of the sensors involved in packet delivery. In this paper, we present a novel energy-efficient localization-based geographic routing protocol EEL, which uses location information and residual energy of sensor nodes to greedily forward data packets to sink nodes. EEL periodically updates the location information of nodes in an UWSN and effectively adapt to the dynamic topological changes of the network. EEL iterates through a list of candidate forwarding nodes by considering the NADV (Normalized Advancement) of these nodes that determines their transmission priority levels. Simulation results show that EEL can effectively locate sensor nodes while significantly improving the packet delivery ratio and reducing the energy consumption in a routing process as compared to other routing protocols used by UWSNs.

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by Qinghai Key Laboratory of Internet of Things Project (2017-ZJ-Y21), National Natural Science Fund Project (61571318, 61751111), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Project (2016 M601265), Sub-project of the National High-tech R&D Program (863 Program 2015BAF09B02-3), China and Higher Education Science and Technology Planning Project of Tianjin (2016CJ11).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Computer and Information Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin, China

    Kun Hao & Yonglei Liu

  2. College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia

    Haifeng Shen

  3. School of Control and Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin, China

    Beibei Wang

  4. School of Computer Science and Technology, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai, China

    Xiujuan Du

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  1. Kun Hao
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  2. Haifeng Shen
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  3. Yonglei Liu
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  4. Beibei Wang
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  5. Xiujuan Du
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Correspondence to Kun Hao.

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Hao, K., Shen, H., Liu, Y. et al. Integrating Localization and Energy-Awareness: A Novel Geographic Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks. Mobile Netw Appl 23, 1427–1435 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11036-018-1093-0

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