Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are among the highest diseases to diagnose and treat. The current “gold standard” of care for these diseases is immunosuppressive drugs which interfere with overall immune responses; their long-term high-dose treatments would expose the patient to opportunistic, life-threatening and long-term malignant infections. Considering the side effects and toxicity of these drug and also the beneficial effects of herbal compounds among their consumers, the professional investigation on the exact mechanism of the plant’s major element has grown much attention in the last years. Apigenin as an extracting compound of plants, such as parsley and celery, which has a variety of biological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and antioxidant effects. This review is intended to summarize the various effects of Apigenin on several autoimmune diseases which have been worked on so far. The pluralization of the obtained results has revealed Apigeninʹs effects on pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, chemokines such as ICAM-1, immune cells proliferation such as T cells, apoptosis, and various signaling pathways. According to these preclinical findings, we recommend that further robust unbiased studies should be done to use Apigenin as a supplementary or therapeutic element in autoimmune disease.
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Abbreviations
- APC:
-
Antigen-presenting cell; a cell that displays antigen complexed with major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs) on their surfaces
- CD:
-
Cluster of differentiation; a protocol used for the identification and investigation of cell surface molecules providing targets for immunophenotyping of cells, for example CD4 which is used for T helper cells identification
- DC:
-
Dendritic cells; antigen-presenting cells of the mammalian immune system
- γδ T cells:
-
Gamma delta T cells; T cells that have a distinctive T cell receptor (TCR) on their surface made up of one γ (gamma) chain and one δ (delta) chain
- IFN:
-
Interferon; a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several pathogens
- IL:
-
Interleukins; a group of cytokines (secreted proteins and signal molecules) that were first seen to be expressed by white blood cells (leukocytes)
- ICAM:
-
Intracellular adhesion molecules; part of the immunoglobulin superfamily which are important in inflammation, immune responses and in intracellular signaling events
- miR:
-
microRNA; a small non-coding RNA molecule that functions in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression
- NF-κB:
-
Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells; a protein complex that has a lot of roles to play
- NK cell:
-
Natural killer cells; a type of lymphocyte and a component of innate immune system
- STAT:
-
Signal transducer and activator of transcription; intracellular transcription factors that mediate many aspects of cellular immunity, proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation
- TGF:
-
Transforming growth factor; one of several proteins secreted by transformed cells that can stimulate the growth of normal cells
- Th cell:
-
T Helper cell; a type of T cell that provides help to other cells in the immune response by recognizing foreign antigens and secreting substances called cytokines that activate T and B cells
- TNF:
-
Tumor Necrosis Factor; a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is produced by white blood cells (monocytes and macrophages)
- Treg cell:
-
Regulatory T cells; CD4+ T cells in charge of suppressing potentially deleterious activities of T helper cells
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Kasiri, N., Rahmati, M., Ahmadi, l. et al. The significant impact of apigenin on different aspects of autoimmune disease. Inflammopharmacol 26, 1359–1373 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-018-0531-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-018-0531-8