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An attention matrix for every decision: faithfulness-based arbitration among multiple attention-based interpretations of transformers in text classification

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Abstract

Transformers are widely used in natural language processing, where they consistently achieve state-of-the-art performance. This is mainly due to their attention-based architecture, which allows them to model rich linguistic relations between (sub)words. However, transformers are difficult to interpret. Being able to provide reasoning for its decisions is an important property for a model in domains where human lives are affected. With transformers finding wide use in such fields, the need for interpretability techniques tailored to them arises. We propose a new technique that selects the most faithful attention-based interpretation among the several ones that can be obtained by combining different head, layer and matrix operations. In addition, two variations are introduced towards (i) reducing the computational complexity, thus being faster and friendlier to the environment, and (ii) enhancing the performance in multi-label data. We further propose a new faithfulness metric that is more suitable for transformer models and exhibits high correlation with the area under the precision-recall curve based on ground truth rationales. We validate the utility of our contributions with a series of quantitative and qualitative experiments on seven datasets.

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Availability of Data and Materials

All datasets used in these research are public and freely available.

Code Availability

Experiments’ code is available in GitHub: https://tinyurl.com/bdh3v2nw.

Notes

  1. https://tinyurl.com/bdh3v2nw.

  2. https://tinyurl.com/2u8zeks8.

  3. https://tinyurl.com/4nprsskn.

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Acknowledgements

The research work was supported by the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (H.F.R.I.) under the “First Call for H.F.R.I. Research Projects to support Faculty members and Researchers and the procurement of high-cost research equipment grant” (Project Number: 514)

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  1. School of Informatics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece

    Nikolaos Mylonas, Ioannis Mollas & Grigorios Tsoumakas

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  1. Nikolaos Mylonas
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  3. Grigorios Tsoumakas
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Correspondence to Nikolaos Mylonas.

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Mylonas, N., Mollas, I. & Tsoumakas, G. An attention matrix for every decision: faithfulness-based arbitration among multiple attention-based interpretations of transformers in text classification. Data Min Knowl Disc 38, 128–153 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10618-023-00962-4

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