Nothing Special   »   [go: up one dir, main page]

Skip to main content
Log in

A \({\mathcal{O}(|G|n^6)}\) time extension of inversion transduction grammars

  • Published:
Machine Translation

Abstract

Range concatenation grammars are viewed as a hierarchy of synchronous grammars. It is shown how inversion transduction grammars (ITGs) and extensions thereof, including synchronous tree-adjoining grammars, are captured by the hierarchy, and the expressivity and linguistic relevance of subclasses of the hierarchy are discussed. A \({\mathcal{O}(|G|n^6)}\) time extension of ITGs is proposed. The extension translates cross-serial dependencies into nested ones and handles complex kinds of discontinuous translation units and so-called inside-out alignments. In fact, our \({\mathcal{O}(|G|n^6)}\) time extension generates all possible alignments. It is shown that this additional expressivity comes at the cost of probabilistic parsing.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.

References

  • Aho A, Ullman J (1972) The theory of parsing, translation and compiling. Prentice-Hall, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Barton E, Berwick R, Ristad E (1987) Computational complexity and natural language. MIT Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Boullier P (1998) Proposal for a natural language processing syntactic backbone. Technical report. INRIA, Le Chesnay

  • Boullier P (1999) On TAG and multicomponent TAG parsing. In: Proceedings of the 6th Conférence annuelle sur le Traitement Automatique des Langues Naturelles. Cargèse, Corse, pp 75–84

  • Boullier P (2000) A cubic time extension of context-free grammars. Grammars 3(2–3): 111–131

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Brown P, Della Pietra V, Della Pietra S, Mercer R (1993) The mathematics of statistical machine translation: parameter estimation. Comput Linguist 19(2): 263–311

    Google Scholar 

  • Casacuberta F, de la Higuera C (2000) Computational complexity of problems on probabilistic grammars and transducers. In: Grammatical inference: algorithms and applications, 5th international colloquium, Lisbon, Portugal, pp 15–24

  • Chi Z (1999) Statistical properties of probabilistic context-free grammars. Comput Linguist 25(1): 131–160

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Chi Z, Geman S (1998) Estimation of probabilistic context-free grammars. Comput Linguist 24(2): 299–305

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Chiang D (2007) Hierarchical phrase-based translation. Comput Linguist 33(2): 201–228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Culik K (1966) Well translatable languages and Algol-like languages. In: Steel T (ed) Formal languages and description languages. North Holland Press, Amsterdam, pp 76–85

    Google Scholar 

  • Dreyer M, Hall K, Khudanpur S (2007) Comparing reordering constraints for SMT using efficient BLEU oracle computation. In: Proceedings of SSST, NAACL-HLT 2007/AMTA workshop on syntax and structure in statistical translation, New York, NY, pp 103–110

  • Eisner J (2003) Learning non-isomorphic tree mappings for machine translation. In: 41st annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics, Sapporo, Japan, pp 205–208

  • Gazdar G (1988) Applicability of indexed grammars to natural languages. In: Reyle U, Rohrer C (eds) Natural language parsing and linguistic theories. Reidel, Dordrecht, pp 69–94

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Goutte C, Yamada K, Gaussier E (2004) Aligning words using matrix factorisation. In: Proceedings of the 42nd annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics, ACL-04, Barcelona, Spain, pp 502–509

  • Graça J, Pardal J, Coheur L, Caseiro D (2008) Building a golden collection of parallel multi-language word alignments. In: Proceedings of the 6th international conference on language resources and evaluation (LREC’08), Marrakech, Morocco, pp 986–993

  • Guan Y (1992) Klammergrammatiken, Netzgrammatiken und Interpretationen von Netzen. Ph.D thesis, Universität des Saarlands, Saarbrücken, Germany

  • Harbusch K, Poller P (1996) Structural translation with synchronous tree-adjoining grammars in Verbmobil. Technical report Verbmobil 184. Universität Koblenz-Landau/DFKI GmbH, Koblenz

  • Huang S, Zhou B (2009) An EM Algorithm for SCFG in Formal Syntax-based Translation. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on acoustic, speech, and signal processing (ICASSP’09), Taiwan, China, pp 4813–4816

  • Kallmeyer L (2005) Tree-local multicomponent tree-adjoining grammars with shared nodes. Comput Linguist 31(2): 187–225

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Kato Y, Seki H, Kasami T (2006) RNA pseudoknotted structure prediction using stochastic multiple context-free grammar. IPSJ Digit Cour 2: 655–664

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maier W, Søgaard A (2008) Treebanks and mild context-sensitivity. In: Proceedings of the 13th conference on formal grammar, Hamburg, Germany, pp 61–76

  • Melamed D, Satta G, Wellington B (2004) Generalized multitext grammars. In: 42nd annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics, Barcelona, Spain, pp 661–668

  • Nesson R, Shieber S (2007) Simpler TAG semantics through synchronization. In: Proceedings of the 11th conference on formal grammar. CSLI Publications, Stanford, pp 129–142

  • Padó S, Lapata M (2006) Optimal constituent alignment with edge covers for semantic projection. In: Proceedings of the 21st international conference on computational linguistics and 44th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics, COLING · ACL 2006, Sydney, Australia, pp 1161–1168

  • Rambow O, Satta G (1994) A two-dimensional hierarchy for parallel rewriting systems. Technical report. University of Philadelphia, Philadelphia

  • Saers M, Nivre J, Wu D (2009) Learning stochastic bracketing inversion transduction grammars with a cubic time biparsing algorithm. In: 11th international conference on parsing technology (IWPT 2009), Paris, France, pp 29–32

  • Satta G, Peserico E (2005) Some computational complexity results for synchronous context-free grammars. In: Proceedings of human language technology conference and conference for empirical methods in natural language processing 2005, Vancouver, Canada, pp 803–810

  • Seki H, Matsumura T, Fujii M, Kasami T (1991) On multiple context-free grammars. Theor Comput Sci 88(2): 191–229

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Shieber S (2007) Probabilistic synchronous tree-adjoining grammars for machine translation. In: Proceedings of the North American chapter of the association for computational linguistics 2007, workshop on syntax and structure in statistical translation, Rochester, New York, pp 88–95

  • Shieber S, Schabes Y (1990) Synchronous tree-adjoining grammars. In: COLING-90, papers presented to the 13th international conference on computational linguistics on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of COLING and the 350th anniversary of Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland, pp 253–258

  • Simard M, Cancedda N, Cavestro B, Dymetman M, Gaussier E, Goutte C, Yamada K, Langlais P, Mauser A (2005) Translating with non-contiguous phrases. In: HLT/EMNLP 2005: proceedings of the human language technology conference and conference on empirical methods in natural language processing, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, pp 755–762

  • Søgaard A (2010) Can inversion transduction grammars generate hand alignments? In: Proceedings of the 14th annual conference of the european association for machine translation, St. Raphael, France

  • Søgaard A, Kuhn J (2009a) Empirical lower bounds on alignment error rates in syntax-based machine translation. In: Proceedings of the third workshop on syntax and structure in statistical translation (SSST-3) at NAACL HLT 2009, Boulder, CO, pp 19–27

  • Søgaard A, Kuhn J (2009b) Using a maximum entropy-based tagger to improve a very fast vine parser. In: 11th international conference on parsing technology (IWPT 2009), Paris, France, pp 206–209

  • Søgaard A, Wu D (2009) Empirical lower bounds on alignment error rates for the full class of inversion transduction grammars. In: 11th international conference on parsing technology (IWPT 2009), Paris, France, pp 33–36

  • Sudkamp T (2005) Languages and machines, 3rd edn. Pearson, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Vijay-Shanker K, Weir D (1994) The equivalence of four extensions of context-free grammars. Math Syst Theory 27: 511–546

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Wedekind J (1997) Approaches to unification in grammar. In: Blackburn P, de Rijke M (eds) Specifying syntactic structure. CSLI Publications, Stanford, pp 245–280

    Google Scholar 

  • Wellington B, Waxmonsky S, Melamed D (2006) Empirical lower bounds on the complexity of translational equivalence. In: Proceedings of the 21st international conference on computational linguistics and 44th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics, COLING · ACL 2006, Sydney, Australia, pp 977–984

  • Wong F, Dong M, Hu D (2006) Machine translation using constraint-based synchronous grammar. Tsinghua Sci Technol 11(3): 295–306

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Wong YW, Mooney R (2007) Learning synchronous grammars for semantic parsing with lambda calculus. In: Proceedings of the 45th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics, Prague, Czech Republic, pp 960–967

  • Wu D (1995) Trainable coarse bilingual grammars for parallel text bracketing. In: Third annual workshop on very large corpora, Cambridge, MA, pp 69–81

  • Wu D (1997) Stochastic inversion transduction grammars and bilingual parsing of parallel corpora. Comput Linguist 23(3): 377–403

    Google Scholar 

  • Zens R, Ney H (2003) A comparative study on reordering constraints in statistical machine translation. In: 41st annual meeting on association for computational linguistics, Sapporo, Japan, pp 144–151

  • Zhang H, Gildea D, Chiang D (2008) Extracting synchronous grammar rules from word-level alignments in linear time. In: Coling 2008, proceedings of the 22nd international conference on computational linguistics, Manchester, England, pp 1081–1088

  • Zhang H, Huang L, Gildea D, Knight K (2006) Synchronous binarization for machine translation. In: Proceedings of the joint human language technology conference and the North American chapter of the association for computational linguistics 2006, New York, NY, pp 256–263

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Anders Søgaard.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Søgaard, A. A \({\mathcal{O}(|G|n^6)}\) time extension of inversion transduction grammars. Machine Translation 25, 291–315 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10590-011-9107-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10590-011-9107-8

Keywords

Navigation