Abstract
With the marvelous increase in video and image database there is an incredible need of automatic understanding and examination of information by the intelligent systems as manually it is getting to be plainly distant. Face plays a major role in social intercourse for conveying identity and feelings of a person. Human beings have not tremendous ability to identify different faces than machines. So, automatic face detection system plays an important role in face recognition, facial expression recognition, head-pose estimation, human–computer interaction etc. Face detection is a computer technology that determines the location and size of a human face in a digital image. Face detection has been a standout amongst topics in the computer vision literature. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of various techniques explored for face detection in digital images. Different challenges and applications of face detection are also presented in this paper. At the end, different standard databases for face detection are also given with their features. Furthermore, we organize special discussions on the practical aspects towards the development of a robust face detection system and conclude this paper with several promising directions for future research.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
Abadi M, Barham P, Chen J, Chen Z, Davis A, Dean J, Devin M, Ghemawat S, Irving G, Isard M, Kudlur M, Levenberg J, Monga R, Moore S, Murray DG, Steiner B, Tucker P, Vasudevan V, Warden P, Wicke M, Yu Y, Zheng X (2016) TensorFlow: a system for large-scale machine learning. In: Proceedings of the 12th USENIX symposium on operating systems design and implementation, pp 265–283
Agui T, Kokubo Y, Nagashashi H, Nagao T (1992) Extraction of face recognition from monochromatic photographs using neural networks. In: Proceeding of 2nd international conference on automation, robotics, and computer vision, vol 1, pp 1881–1885
Ahonen T, Hadid A, Pietikainen M (2004) Face recognition with local binary patterns. In: Proceedings of European conference on computer vision, pp 469–481
Anila S, Devarajan N (2010) Simple and fast face detection system based on edges. Int J Univ Comput Sci 2(1):54–58
Burl MC, Leung TK, Perona P (1995) Face localization via shape statistics. In: Proceedings of international workshop on automatic face and gesture recognition, Zurich, Switzerland, pp 154–159
Cootes TF, Cooper DH, Taylor CJ, Graham J (1992) A trainable method of parametric shape description. In: The proceeding of 2nd British machine vision conference, vol 10, no 5, pp 289–294
Craw I, Ellis H, Lishman JR (1987) Automatic extraction of face-feature. Pattern Recogn Lett 5(2):183–187
Crowley JL, Coutaz J (1997) Vision forman machine interaction. Robot Auton Syst 19(3):347–358
Da’san M, Alqudah A, Debeir O (2015) Face detection using Viola and Jones method and neural networks. In: Proceeding of IEEE international conference on information and communication technology research, pp 40–43
Dhivakar B, Sridevi C, Selvakumar S, Guhan P (2015) Guhan, face detection and recognition using skin color. In: Proceeding of IEEE 3rd international conference on signal processing, communication and networking, pp 1–7
Erik H, Low BK (2001) Face detection: a survey. Comput Vis Image Underst 83:236–274
Farfade SS, Saberian M, Li LJ (2015) Multi-view face detection using deep convolutional neural networks. In: Proceeding of the international conference on multimedia retrieval, pp 1–8
Feraud R, Bernier OJ, Villet JE, Collobert M (2001) A fast and accurate face detector based on neural networks. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 22(1):42–53
Filali H, Riffi J, Mahraz AM, Tairi H (2018) Multiple face detection based on machine learning. In: Proceeding of international conference on intelligent systems and computer vision, pp 1–8
Hashem HF (2009) Adaptive technique for human face detection using HSV color space and neural networks. In: Proceedings of 26th national radio science conference, pp 1–7
Hotelling H (1933) Analysis of a complex of statistical variables into principal components. J Educ Psychol 24(6):417–441
Hou Y, Peng Q (2009) Face detection based on AdaBoost and skin color. In: Proceedings of international symposium on information science and engineering, pp 407–410
Kass M, Witkin A, Terzopoulos D (1988) Snakes: active contour models. In: Proceeding of 1st international conference on computer vision, pp 321–331
Kirby M, Sirovich L (1990) Application of the Karhunen–Loeve procedure for the characterization of human faces. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 12(1):103–108
Kjeldsen R, Kender J (1996) Finding skin in color images. In: Proceeding of the 2nd international conference on automatic face and gesture recognition, pp 312–317
Kramer MA (1991) Nonlinear principal component analysis using auto associative neural networks. Am Inst Chem Eng J 37(2):233–243
Lang LY, Gu WW (2009) Study on face detection algorithm based on skin color segmentation and AdaBoost algorithm. In: Proceedings of 2nd Pacific-Asia conference on web mining and web-based application, pp 70–73
Liao S, Jain AK, Li SZ (2016) A fast and accurate unconstrained face detector. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 38(2):211–223
Lin SH, Kung SY, Lin LJ (1997) Face recognition/detection by probabilistic decision-based neural network. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 8(1):114–132
Luo D, Wen G, Li D, Hu Y, Huan E (2018) Deep-learning-based face detection using iterative bounding-box regression. Multimed Tools Appl. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-018-5658-5
Mingxing J, Junqiang D, Tao C, Ning Y, Yi J, Zhen Z (2013) An improved detection algorithm of face with combining AdaBoost and SVM. In: Proceeding of 25th Chinese control and decision conference, pp 2459–24633
Mukherjee S, Saha S, Lahiri S, Das A, Bhunia AK, Konwer A, Chakraborty A (2017) Convolutional neural network based Face detection. In: Proceeding of 1st international conference on electronics, materials engineering and nano-technology, pp 1–5
Propp M, Samal A (1992) Artificial neural network architectures for human face detection. In: Proceeding of artificial neural networks in engineering, vol 2, pp 535–540
Ren Z, Yang S, Zou F, Yang F, Luan C, Li K (2017) A face tracking framework based on convolutional neural networks and Kalman filter. In: Proceeding of 8th IEEE international conference on software engineering and service science, pp 410–413
Sakai T, Nagao M, Kanade T (1972) Computer analysis and classification of photographs of human faces. In: Proceeding of 1st USA–Japan computer conference, pp 55–62
Sharif M, Khalid A, Raza M, Mohsin S (2011) Face recognition using Gabor Filters. J Appl Comput Sci Math 11(5):53–57
Subban R, Mishra R (2012) Rule-based face detection in color images using normalized rgb color space—a comparative study. In: Proceeding of international conference on computational intelligence and computing research, pp 1–5
Turk M, Pentland A (1991) Eigen faces for recognition. J Cogn Neurosci 3(1):71–86
Young IT, Vliet LJV (1995) Recursive implementation of the Gaussian filter. Signal Process 44(2):139–151
Yuille AL, Hallinan PW, Cohen DS (1992) Feature extraction from faces using deformable templates. Int J Comput Vis 8:99–111
Zhang H, Xie Y, Xu C (2011) A classifier training method for face detection based on AdaBoost. In: Proceeding of international conference on transportation, mechanical, and electrical engineering, pp 731–734
Zhu X, Ren D, Jing Z, Yan L, Lei S (2012a) Comparative research of the common face detection methods. In: Proceeding of 2nd international conference on computer science and network technology, pp 1528–1533
Zhu Y, Huang C, Chen J (2012b) Face detection method based on multi-feature fusion in YCbCr color space. In: Proceedings of 5th international congress on image and signal processing, pp 1249–1252
Zou L, Kamata S (2010) Face detection in color images based on skin color models. In: Proceeding of IEEE region 10 conferences, pp 681–686
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kumar, A., Kaur, A. & Kumar, M. Face detection techniques: a review. Artif Intell Rev 52, 927–948 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-018-9650-2
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-018-9650-2