Abstract
A simulation study was conducted for two maize cultivars (PMH1 and PMH2) under two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) in four agroclimatic zones of Punjab state of India where climate change depicts a consistent rise in temperature and variability in rainfall. The temperature and rainfall varied from location to location so agroclimatic zone II (Ballowal Saunkhri), zone III (Ludhiana, Amritsar, and Patiala), zone IV (Bathinda), and zone V (Abohar and Faridkot) were selected for the study. The bias-corrected ensemble model data from seventeen global circulation models (GCMs) for RCP 4.5 and RCP 6.0 was used to simulate maize yield for a period of 70 years (2025–2095) using calibrated and validated CERES-Maize model. The simulated yield trend in Punjab under current dates of sowing indicated a strong negative correlation between the yield and the weather parameters under the two scenarios. Agroclimatic zones II, III, and V (Faridkot) observed an increase in temperature by 1 °C over the 70 years’ time period which led to lowering of the maize yield from high yield category (> 5000 kg/ha) to low (< 3000 kg/ha). The cv PMH1 was able to compensate these effects and performed better in agroclimatic zones II, III, and V (Faridkot). In agroclimatic zones IV (Bathinda) and V (Abohar), an increase in temperature by 2 °C is observed, which led to decline of yield categories from medium yield years to low yield years. Though the rainfall in the region was higher for low yield years, but the rainfall amount was insufficient to mitigate the impact of temperature. Under the future stabilization scenarios, amongst the current sowing dates, mid-June was found suitable in agroclimatic zones II and III and in agroclimatic zone V (Faridkot) both early and mid-June sowing dates performed well. Considering the suitable sowing dates under current farming practices, it would be easy to determine the future sowing window for maize cultivars in Punjab.
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Data availability
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article (and its supplementary information files).
Code availability
The software (DSSAT) applied is available on the DSSAT site (DSSAT.net—Official Home of the DSSAT Cropping Systems Model), and after registration of the first author, the latest version (4.7.5) of the model was downloaded and employed.
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Acknowledgements
The simulated GCM data used in the study was obtained from the website http://gismap.ciat.cgiar.org/MarkSimGCM/ at daily interval under RCP scenarios for stations in Punjab state.
Funding
The funding received from Science and Engineering Research Board, New Delhi through Core Grant project funding no. CRG/2019/002856: Optimizing cereal productivity under RCP projected climatic scenarios by mid and end of the twenty-first century in Punjab is duly acknowledged. Dr. Prabhjyot-Kaur has received this support.
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Prabhjyot Kaur and Jatinder Kaur, Shivani Kothiyal, and Shivani Kothiyal. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Shivani Kothiyal, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Kothiyal, S., Prabhjyot-Kaur & Kaur, J. A critical analysis of the effect of projected temperature and rainfall for differential sowing of maize cultivars under RCP 4.5 and RCP 6.0 scenarios for Punjab. Theor Appl Climatol 151, 329–354 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-022-04291-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-022-04291-2