Abstract
Learning in neural networks can broadly be divided into two categories, viz., off-line (or batch) learning and online (or incremental) learning. In this paper, a review of a variety of supervised neural networks with online learning capabilities is presented. Specifically, we focus on articles published in main indexed journals in the past 10 years (2003–2013). We examine a number of key neural network architectures, which include feedforward neural networks, recurrent neural networks, fuzzy neural networks, and other related networks. How the online learning methodologies are incorporated into these networks is exemplified, and how they are applied to solving problems in different domains is highlighted. A summary of the review that covers different network architectures and their applications is presented.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
Gupta M, Jin L, Homma N (2003) Static and dynamic neural networks: from fundamentals to advanced theory, vol 1. Wiley-IEEE Press, Hoboken, pp 507–577
Kartalopoulos S (1996) Understanding neural networks and fuzzy logic: basic concepts and applications. Wiley-IEEE Press, Hoboken, pp 61–119
Definition of a Neural Network (2013) Neural networks module. http://uhavax.hartford.edu/compsci/neural-networks-definition.html. Accessed 1 Aug 2013
Hudson D, Cohen M (2000) Neural networks and artificial intelligence for biomedical engineering, vol 1. Wiley-IEEE Press, Hoboken, pp 13–28
Saad D (2009) On-line learning in neural networks. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 17
Lim CP, Harrison RF (1997) An incremental adaptive network for on-line supervised learning and probability estimation. Neural Netw 10(5):925–939
Choy MC, Srinivasan D, Cheu RL (2006) Neural networks for continuous online learning and control. IEEE Trans Neural Networks 17(6):1511–1531
Suresh S, Sundararajan N, Savitha R (2013) Supervised learning with complex-valued neural networks. Stud Comput Intell 421:31–71
Wan S, Banta LE (2006) Parameter incremental learning algorithm for neural networks. IEEE Trans Neural Networks 17(6):1424–1438
Sanz J, Perera R, Huerta C (2012) Gear dynamics monitoring using discrete wavelet transformation and multi-layer perceptron neural networks. Appl Soft Comput 12(9):2867–2878
González A, Dorronsoro JR (2008) Natural conjugate gradient training of multilayer perceptrons. Neurocomputing 71(13–15):2499–2506
Campolucci P, Uncini A, Piazza F, Rao BD (1999) On-line learning algorithms for locally recurrent neural networks. IEEE Trans Neural Networks 10(2):253–271
Jung S, Kim SS (2008) Control experiment of a wheel-driven mobile inverted pendulum using neural network. IEEE Trans Control Syst Technol 16(2):297–303
Zhou S, Lai KK (2011) An improved EMD online learning-based model for gold market forecasting. Intell Decis Technol 10:75–84
Zhou S, Lai KK, Yen J (2012) A dynamic meta-learning rate-based model for gold market forecasting. Expert Syst Appl 39(6):6168–6173
Radial basis function network (2013) Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_basis_function_network. Accessed 1 Aug 2013
Loreto G, Garrido R (2006) Stable neurovisual servoing for robot manipulators. IEEE Trans Neural Networks 17(4):953–965
Yu H, Xie T, Paszczyñski S, Wilamowski BM (2011) Advantages of radial basis function networks for dynamic system design. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 58(12):5438–5450
Ho KJ, Leung CS, Sum J (2010) Convergence and objective functions of some fault/noise-injection-based online learning algorithms for RBF networks. IEEE Trans Neural Networks 21(6):938–947
Suresh S, Sundararajan N (2012) An on-line learning neural controller for helicopters performing highly nonlinear maneuvers. Appl Soft Comput 12(1):360–371
Li Y, Sundararajan N, Saratchandran P, Wang Z (2004) Robust neuro-H∞ controller design for aircraft auto-landing. IEEE Trans Aerosp Electron Syst 40(1):158–167
Lee KM, Street WN (2003) An adaptive resource-allocating network for automated detection, segmentation, and classification of breast cancer nuclei topic area: image processing and recognition. IEEE Trans Neural Networks 14(3):680–687
Corradini ML, Fossi V, Giantomassi A, Ippoliti G, Longhi S, Orlando G (2012) Minimal resource allocating networks for discrete time sliding mode control of robotic manipulators. IEEE Trans Ind Inf 8(4):733–745
Nanda SK, Tripathy DP (2011) Application of functional link artificial neural network for prediction of machinery noise in opencast mines. Adv Fuzzy Syst. doi:10.1155/2011/831261
Pao YH, Takefuji Y (1992) Functional-link net computing: theory, system architecture, and functionalities. Computer 25(5):76–79
Wu CF, Lin CJ, Lee CY (2011) A functional neural fuzzy network for classification applications. Expert Syst Appl 38(5):6202–6208
Chen CH, Lin CJ, Lin CT (2008) A functional-link-based neurofuzzy network for nonlinear system control. IEEE Trans Fuzzy Syst 16(5):1362–1378
Mehdi A (2013) Currency exchange rate prediction using wavelet network. Basrah J Sci 31(2):44–53
Akay M (1998) Time frequency and wavelets in biomedical signal processing. Wiley-IEEE Press, Hoboken, pp 669–684
El-Sousy FFM (2010) Hybrid based wavelet-neural-network tracking control for permanent-magnet synchronous motor servo drives. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 57(9):3157–3166
Lin FJ, Shieh HJ, Huang PK (2006) Adaptive wavelet neural network control with hysteresis estimation for piezo-positioning mechanism. IEEE Trans Neural Networks 17(2):432–444
El-Sousy FFM (2011) Robust wavelet-neural-network sliding-mode control system for permanent magnet synchronous motor drive. IET Electr Power Appl 5(1):113–132
Lin CJ, Chin CC (2004) Prediction and identification using wavelet-based recurrent fuzzy neural networks. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern B Cybern 34(5):2144–2154
Lin CM, Li HY (2012) A novel adaptive wavelet fuzzy cerebellar model articulation control system design for voice coil motors. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 59(4):2024–2033
Recurrent neural network (2013) Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurrent_neural_network. Accessed 1 Aug 2013
Graves A (2012) Supervised sequence labelling with recurrent neural networks. Stud Comput Intell 385:15–35
Liu Z, Elhanany I (2008) A fast and scalable recurrent neural network based on stochastic meta descent. IEEE Trans Neural Networks 19(9):1652–1658
Shibata T, Tabata H, Schaal S, Kawato M (2005) A model of smooth pursuit in primates based on learning the target dynamics. Neural Networks 18(3):213–224
Banaei MR, Kami A (2011) Interline power flow controller (IPFC) based damping recurrent neural network controllers for enhancing stability. Energy Convers Manag 52(7):2629–2636
Lin CT, Chang CL, Cheng WC (2004) A recurrent fuzzy cellular neural network system with automatic structure and template learning. IEEE Trans Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers 51(5):1024–1035
Ajoudani A, Erfanian A (2009) A neuro-sliding-mode control with adaptive modeling of uncertainty for control of movement in paralyzed limbs using functional electrical stimulation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 56(7):1771–1780
Lin FJ, Teng LT, Chu H (2008) A robust recurrent wavelet neural network controller with improved particle swarm optimization for linear synchronous motor drive. IEEE Trans Power Electron 23(6):3067–3078
Lin FJ, Teng LT, Lin JW, Chen SY (2009) Recurrent functional-link-based fuzzy-neural-network-controlled induction-generator system using improved particle swarm optimization. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 56(5):1557–1577
Teng LT, Lin FJ, Chiang HC, Lin JW (2009) Recurrent wavelet neural network controller with improved particle swarm optimisation for induction generator system. IET Electr Power Appl 3(2):147–159
Hénaff P, Scesa V, Ouezdou FB, Bruneau O (2011) Real time implementation of CTRNN and BPTT algorithm to learn on-line biped robot balance: experiments on the standing posture. Control Eng Pract 19(1):89–99
Lin YY, Chang JY, Lin CT (2013) Identification and prediction of dynamic systems using an interactively recurrent self-evolving fuzzy neural network. IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst 24(2):310–321
Juang CF, Chen JS (2007) A recurrent fuzzy-network-based inverse modeling method for a temperature system control. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern C Appl Rev 37(3):410–417
Mirikitani DT, Nikolaev N (2010) Efficient online recurrent connectionist learning with the ensemble Kalman filter. Neurocomputing 73(4–6):1024–1030
Elman JL (1990) Finding structure in time. Cogn Sci 14:179–211
Hammer B (1997) Generalization of Elman networks. Lect Notes Comput Sci 1327:409–414
Lin FJ, Hung YC, Chen SY (2009) FPGA-based computed force control system using Elman neural network for linear ultrasonic motor. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 56(4):1238–1253
Lin FJ, Hung YC (2009) FPGA-based Elman neural network control system for linear ultrasonic motor. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 56(1):101–113
Wen S, Zheng W, Zhu J, Li X, Chen S (2012) Elman fuzzy adaptive control for obstacle avoidance of mobile robots using hybrid force/position incorporation. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern C Appl Rev 42(4):603–608
Mbede JB, Huang X, Wang M (2003) Robust neuro-fuzzy sensor-based motion control among dynamic obstacles for robot manipulators. IEEE Trans Fuzzy Syst 11(2):249–261
Carpenter GA, Grossberg S (1987) A massively parallel architecture for a self-organizing neural pattern recognition machine. Comput Vis Graph Image Process 37:54–115
Carpenter GA, Grossberg S, Reynolds JH (1991) ARTMAP: supervised real-time learning and classification of nonstationary data by a self-organizing neural network. Neural Netw 4:565–588
Carpenter GA, Grossberg S, Markuzon N, Reynolds JH, Rosen DB (1992) Fuzzy ARTMAP: a neural network architecture for incremental supervised learning of analog multidimensional maps. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 3(5):698–713
Carpenter GA, Martens S, Ogas OJ (2005) Self-organizing information fusion and hierarchical knowledge discovery: a new framework using ARTMAP neural networks. Neural Netw 18:287–295
Carpenter GA, Gaddam SC (2010) Biased ART: a neural architecture that shifts attention toward previously disregarded features following an incorrect prediction. Neural Netw 23:435–451
Lim CP, Harrison RF (2003) Online pattern classification with multiple neural network systems: an experimental study. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern C Appl Rev 33(2):235–247
Yap KS, Lim CP, Au MT (2011) Improved GART neural network model for pattern classification and rule extraction with application to power systems. IEEE Trans Neural Net 22(12):2310–2323
Yap KS, Lim CP, Abidin IZ (2008) A hybrid ART-GRNN online learning neural network with insensitive loss function. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 19(9):1641–1646
Lee EWM, Lim CP, Yuen RKK, Lo SM (2004) A hybrid neural network model for noisy data regression. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern B Cybern 34(2):951–960
Akhbardeh A, Junnila S, Koivistoinen T, Varri A (2007) An intelligent ballistocardiographic chair using a novel SF-ART neural network and biorthogonal wavelets. J Med Syst 31:69–77
Anton-Rodriguez M, Diaz-Pernas FJ, Diez-Higuera JF, Martinez-Zarzuela M, Gonzalez-Ortega D, Boto-Giralda D (2009) Recognition of coloured and textured images through a multi-scale neural architecture with orientational filtering and chromatic diffusion. Neurocomputing 72:3713–3725
Cai Y, Wang JZ, Tang Y, Yang YC (2011) An efficient approach for electric load forecasting using distributed ART (adaptive resonance theory) & HS-ARTMAP (hyper-spherical ARTMAP network) neural network. Energy 36:1340–1350
Lim CP, Leong JH, Kuan MM (2005) A hybrid neural network system for pattern classification tasks with missing features. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 27(4):648–653
Simpson PK (1992) Fuzzy min–max neural networks-part 1: classification. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 3(5):776–786
Nandedkar AV, Biswas PK (2009) A granular reflex fuzzy min–max neural network for classification. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 20(7):1117–1134
Zhang H, Liu J, Ma D, Wang Z (2011) Data-core-based fuzzy min–max neural network for pattern classification. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 22(12):2339–2352
Quteishat A, Lim CP, Tan KS (2010) A modified fuzzy min-max neural network with a genetic-algorithm-based rule extractor for pattern classification. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern A Syst Hum 40(3):641–650
Fuzzy neural network (2013) Scholarpedia. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Fuzzy_neural_network. Accessed 1 Aug 2013
Lin FJ, Huang MS, Yeh PY, Tsai HC, Kuan CH (2012) DSP-based probabilistic fuzzy neural network control for li-ion battery charger. IEEE Trans Power Electron 27(8):3782–3794
Gao Y, Er MJ (2005) An intelligent adaptive control scheme for postsurgical blood pressure regulation. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 16(2):475–483
Srinivasan D, Choy MC, Cheu RL (2006) Neural networks for real-time traffic signal control. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 7(3):261–272
Choy MC, Srinivasan D, Cheu RL (2003) Cooperative, hybrid agent architecture for real-time traffic signal control. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern A Syst Hum 33(5):597–607
Wai RJ, Lee JD (2009) Robust levitation control for linear maglev rail system using fuzzy neural network. IEEE Trans Control Syst Technol 17(1):4–14
Wai RJ, Lee JD (2008) Adaptive fuzzy-neural-network control for maglev transportation system. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 19(1):54–70
Juang CF, Tsao YW (2008) A self-evolving interval type-2 fuzzy neural network with online structure and parameter learning. IEEE Trans Fuzzy Syst 16(6):1411–1424
Wang N, Er MJ, Meng X (2009) A fast and accurate online self-organizing scheme for parsimonious fuzzy neural networks. Neurocomputing 72(16–18):3818–3829
Wang N, Er MJ, Meng X (2009) An online self-constructing fuzzy neural network with restrictive growth. In: Yu W (ed) Recent advances in intelligent control systems. Springer, London, pp 225–247
Rubaai A, Young P (2011) EKF-based PI-/PD-like fuzzy-neural-network controller for brushless drives. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 47(6):2391–2401
Zhai J, Zhou J, Zhang L, Hong W (2010) Behavioral modeling of power amplifiers with dynamic fuzzy neural networks. IEEE Microwave Wirel Compon Lett 20(9):528–530
Wai RJ, Yang ZW (2008) Adaptive fuzzy neural network control design via a T–S fuzzy model for a robot manipulator including actuator dynamics. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern B Cybern 38(5):1326–1346
Lin FJ, Hung YC, Hwang JC, Tsai MT (2013) Fault tolerant control of six-phase motor drive system using Takagi–Sugeno–Kang type fuzzy neural network with asymmetric membership function. IEEE Trans Power Electron 28(7):3557–3572
Lin FJ, Chou PH, Kung YS (2008) Robust fuzzy neural network controller with nonlinear disturbance observer for two-axis motion control system. IET Control Theory Appl 2(2):151–167
Wai RJ, Shih LC (2012) Adaptive fuzzy-neural-network design for voltage tracking control of a DC–DC boost converter. IEEE Trans Power Electron 27(4):2104–2115
Kong X, Hu C, Han C (2010) A self-stabilizing MSA algorithm in high-dimension data stream. Neural Netw 23:865–871
Peng YF, Wai RJ, Lin CM (2004) Implementation of LLCC-resonant driving circuit and adaptive CMAC neural network control for linear piezoelectric ceramic motor. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 51(1):35–48
Kohata Y, Yamauchi K, Kurihara M (2009) Quick maximum power point tracking of photovoltaic using online learning neural network. Neural Inf Process 5863:606–613
Leite D, Costa P, Gomide F (2013) Evolving granular neural networks from fuzzy data streams. Neural Netw 38:1–16
Rajapakse A, Furuta K, Kondo S (2002) Evolutionary learning of fuzzy logic controllers and their adaptation through perpetual evolution. IEEE Trans Fuzzy Syst 10(3):309–321
Van Lint JWC (2008) Online learning solutions for freeway travel time prediction. Intell Transp Syst IEEE Trans 9(1):38–47
Yu DL, Chang TK, Yu DW (2005) Fault tolerant control of multivariable processes using auto-tuning PID controller. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern B Cyber 35(1):32–43
Shih F (2010) Image processing and pattern recognition: fundamentals and techniques. Wiley-IEEE Press, Hoboken, pp 306–352
Guo P, Jiang Z, Lin S, Yao Y (2012) Combining LVQ with SVM technique for image semantic annotation. Neural Comput Appl 21:735–746
Lin KP, Chen MS (2011) On the design and analysis of the privacy-preserving SVM classifier. IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng 23(11):1704–1717
Zheng J, Yu H, Shen F, Zhao J (2013) An online incremental learning support vector machine for large-scale data. Neural Comput Appl 22(5):1023–1035
Wang HQ, Cai YN, Sun FC (2011) A non-biased form of least squares support vector classifier and its fast online learning. Neural Comput Appl 20(7):1075–1085
Kawano S, Okumura D, Tamura H, Tanaka H, Tanno K (2009) Online learning method using support vector machine for surface-electromyogram recognition. Artif Life Robot 13(2):483–487
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jain, L.C., Seera, M., Lim, C.P. et al. A review of online learning in supervised neural networks. Neural Comput & Applic 25, 491–509 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-013-1534-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-013-1534-4