Nothing Special   »   [go: up one dir, main page]
Skip to main content

Advertisement

Springer Nature Link
Log in

The Asian summer monsoon: an intercomparison of CMIP5 vs. CMIP3 simulations of the late 20th century

  • Published:
Climate Dynamics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The boreal summer Asian monsoon has been evaluated in 25 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project-5 (CMIP5) and 22 CMIP3 GCM simulations of the late twentieth Century. Diagnostics and skill metrics have been calculated to assess the time-mean, climatological annual cycle, interannual variability, and intraseasonal variability. Progress has been made in modeling these aspects of the monsoon, though there is no single model that best represents all of these aspects of the monsoon. The CMIP5 multi-model mean (MMM) is more skillful than the CMIP3 MMM for all diagnostics in terms of the skill of simulating pattern correlations with respect to observations. Additionally, for rainfall/convection the MMM outperforms the individual models for the time mean, the interannual variability of the East Asian monsoon, and intraseasonal variability. The pattern correlation of the time (pentad) of monsoon peak and withdrawal is better simulated than that of monsoon onset. The onset of the monsoon over India is typically too late in the models. The extension of the monsoon over eastern China, Korea, and Japan is underestimated, while it is overestimated over the subtropical western/central Pacific Ocean. The anti-correlation between anomalies of all-India rainfall and Niño3.4 sea surface temperature is overly strong in CMIP3 and typically too weak in CMIP5. For both the ENSO-monsoon teleconnection and the East Asian zonal wind-rainfall teleconnection, the MMM interannual rainfall anomalies are weak compared to observations. Though simulation of intraseasonal variability remains problematic, several models show improved skill at representing the northward propagation of convection and the development of the tilted band of convection that extends from India to the equatorial west Pacific. The MMM also well represents the space–time evolution of intraseasonal outgoing longwave radiation anomalies. Caution is necessary when using GPCP and CMAP rainfall to validate (1) the time-mean rainfall, as there are systematic differences over ocean and land between these two data sets, and (2) the timing of monsoon withdrawal over India, where the smooth southward progression seen in India Meteorological Department data is better realized in CMAP data compared to GPCP data.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Achuthavarier D, Krishnamurty V, Kirtman BP, Huang B (2012) Role of the Indian Ocean in the ENSO–Indian Summer Monsoon Teleconnection in the NCEP Climate Forecast System. J Clim 25:2490–2508. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00111.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Annamalai H, Sperber KR (2005) Regional heat sources and the active and break phases of boreal summer intraseasonal (30–50 day) variability. J Atmos Sci 62:2726–2748

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Annamalai H, Slingo JM, Sperber KR, Hodges K (1999) The mean evolution and variability of the Asian summer monsoon: comparison of ECMWF and NCEP-NCAR reanalyses. Mon Weather Rev 127:1157–1186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Annamalai H, Hamilton K, Sperber KR (2007) The south Asian summer monsoon and its relationship to ENSO in the IPCC AR4 simulations. J Clim 20:1071–1092. doi:10.1175/JCLI4035.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Annamalai H, Hafner J, Sooraj KP, Pillai P (2012a) Global warming shifts monsoon circulation, drying South Asia. J Clim (in press)

  • Annamalai H, Mehari M, Sperber KR (2012b) A recipe for ENSO-monsoon diagnostics in CMIP5 models. J Clim (in preparation)

  • Arkin PA, Ardanuy PE (1989) Estimating climatic-scale precipitation from space: a review. J Clim 2:1229–1238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blanford HF (1884) On the connection of the Himalaya snowfall with dry winds and seasons of drought in India. Proc R Soc Lond 37:3–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bollasina M, Nigam S (2009) Indian Ocean SST, evaporation, and precipitation during the South Asian summer monsoon in IPCC AR4 coupled simulations. Clim Dyn 33:1017–1032. doi:10.1007/s00382-008-0477-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boo K-O, Martin G, Sellar A, Senior C, Byun Y-H (2011) Evaluating the East Asian monsoon simulation in climate models. J Geophys Res 116:D01109. doi:10.1029/2010JD014737

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boschat G, Terray P, Masson S (2012) Robustness of SST teleconnections and precursory patterns associated with the Indian summer monsoon. Clim Dyn 38:2143–2165. doi:10.1007/s00382-011-1100-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Charney J, Shukla J (1981) Predictability of monsoons. In: Lighthill J, Pearce RP (eds) Monsoon Dynamics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 99–109

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Chen H, Zhou T, Neale RB, Wu X, Zhang GJ (2010) Performance of the new NCAR CAM3.5 in East Asian summer monsoon simulations: sensitivity to modifications of the convection scheme. J Clim 23:3657–3675

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Findlater J (1970) A major low-level air current near the Indian Ocean during northern summer: interhemispheric transport of air in the lower troposphere over the western Indian Ocean. Q J R Meteorol Soc 96:551–554

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gadgil S, Sajani S (1998) Monsoon precipitation in the AMIP runs. Clim Dyn 14:659–689

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gill AE (1980) Some simple solutions for heat-induced tropical circulation. Q J R Meteorol Soc 106:447–462

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoskins BJ, Rodwell MJ (1995) A model of the Asian summer monsoon. Part 1: the global scale. J Atmos Sci 52:1329–1340

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huffman GJ, Adler RF, Morrissey MM, Bolvin DT, Curtis S, Joyce R, McGavock B, Susskind J (2001) Global precipitation at one-degree daily resolution from multisatellite observations. J Hydrometeorol 2:36–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joseph S, Sahai AK, Goswami BN, Terray P, Masson S, Luo J–J (2012) Possible role of warm SST bias in the simulation of boreal summer monsoon in SINTEX-F2 coupled model. Clim Dyn 38:1561–1567. doi:10.1007/s00382-011-1264-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalnay E, Kanamitsu M, Kistler R, Collins W, Deaven D, Gandin L, Iredell M, Saha S, White G, Woollen J, Zhu Y, Chelliah M, Ebisuzaki W, Higgins W, Janowiak J, Mo KC, Ropelweski C, Wang J, Leetma A, Reynolds R, Jenne R, Joseph D (1996) The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 77:437–471

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krishna Kumar K, Rajagopalan, Hoerling M, Bates G, Cane M (2006) Unraveling the mystery of Indian monsoon failure during El Nino. Science 314:115–119. doi:10.1126science.1131152

  • Lau KM, Peng L (1990) Origin of low-frequency (intraseasonal) oscillations in the tropical atmosphere. Part III: monsoon dynamics. J Atmos Sci 47:1443–1462

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lau N-C, Nath MJ (2012) A model study of the air-sea interaction associated with the climatological aspects of interannual variability of the South Asian summer monsoon development. J Clim 25:839–857. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00035.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li C, Yanai M (1996) The onset and interannual variability of the Asian summer monsoon in relation to land sea thermal contrast. J Clim 9:358–375

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li B, Zhou T (2011) ENSO-related principal interannual variability modes of early and late summer rainfall over East Asia in SST-driven AGCM simulations. J Geophys Res 116:D14118. doi:10.1029/2011JD015691

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liebmann B, Smith CA (1996) Description of a complete (interpolated) OLR dataset. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 77:1275–1277

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin J-L, Weickmann KM, Kiladis GN, Mapes BE, Schubert SD, Suarez MJ, Bacmeister JT, Lee M-I (2008) Subseasonal variability associated with the Asian Summer monsoon simulated by 14 IPCC AR4 coupled GCMs. J Clim 21:4541–4567. doi:10.1175/2008JCLI1816.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LinHo, Wang B (2002) The time-space structure of the Asian-Pacific summer monsoon: a fast annual cycle view. J Clim 15:3206–3221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu X, Zhou T, Zhang L, Zou L, Wu B, Li Z (2011) The western North Pacific summer monsoon simulated by GAMIL1.0: influence of the parameterization of wind gustiness. Chin J Atmos Sci 35:871–884 (In Chinese)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ma D, Kuang Z (2011) Modulation of radiative heating by the Madden-Julian oscillation and convectively coupled Kelvin waves as observed by CloudSat. Geophs Res Lett 38:L21813. doi:10.1029/2011GL049734

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason D, Knutti R (2011) Climate model geneology. Geophys Res Lett 38:L08703. doi:10.1029/2011GL046864

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsumoto J (1997) Seasonal transition of summer rainy season over Indochina and adjacent monsoon regions. Adv Atmos Sci 14:231–245

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meehl GA, Covey C, Delworth T, Latif M, McAvaney B, Mitchell JFB, Stouffer RJ, Taylor KE (2007) The WCRP CMIP3 multi-model dataset: a new era in climate change research. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 88:1383–1394

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meehl GA, Arblaster JM, Caron JM, Annamalai H, Jochum M, Chakraborty A, Murtugudde R (2012) Monsoon regimes and processes in CCSM4, part 1: then Asian-Australian monsoon. J Clim 25:2583–2608. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00184.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mizuta R, Yoshimura H, Murakami H, Matsueda M, Endo H, Ose T, Kamiguchi K, Hosaka M, Sugi M, Yukimoto S, Kusunoki S, Kitoh A (2012) Climate simulations using MRI-AGCM3.2 with 20-km grid. J Meteorol Soc Jpn 90A:233–258. doi:10.2151/jmsj.2012-A12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nakazawa T (1986) Intraseasonal variations of OLR in the tropics during the FGGE year. J Meteorol Soc Jpn 64:17–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Onogi K, Tsutsui J, Koide H, Sakamoto M, Kobayashi S, Hatsushika H, Matsumoto T, Yamazaki N, Kamahori H, Takahashi K, Kadokura S, Wada K, Kato K, Oyama R, Ose T, Mannoji N, Taira R (2007) The JRA-25 reanalysis. J Meteorol Soc Jpn 85:369–432

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearce RP, Mohanty UC (1984) Onsets of the Asian summer monsoon 1979–82. J Atmos Sci 41:1610–1639

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prasanna V, Annamalai H (2012) Moist dynamics of extended monsoon breaks over South Asia. J Clim 25:3810–3831. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00459.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rajeevan M, Najundiah RS (2009) Coupled model simulations of twentieth century climate of the Indian summer monsoon. In: Mukunda N (ed) Current trends in science, Indian Academy of Sciences, India, pp 537–567. http://www.ias.ac.in/academy/pjubilee/book.html

  • Rajeevan M, Bhate J, Kale JD, Lal B (2006) High resolution daily gridded rainfall data for the Indian region: analysis of break and active monsoon spells. Curr Sci 91:296–306

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajeevan M, Unnikrishnan CK, Preethi B (2012) Evaluation of the ENSEMBLES multi-model seasonal forecasts of Indian summer monsoon variability. Clim Dyn 38:2257–2274. doi:10.1007/s00382-011-1061-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Santer BD, Taylor KE, Gleckler PJ, Bonfils C, Barnett TP, Pierce DW, Wigley TML, Mears C, Wentz FJ, Bruggemann W, Gillet NP, Klein SA, Solomon S, Stott PA, Wehner MF (2009) Incorporating model quality information in climate change detection and attribution. Proc Nat Acad Sci 106:14778–14783

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slingo J, Annamalai H (2000) 1997: The El Niño of the century and the response of the Indian summer monsoon. Mon Weather Rev 128:1778–1797

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sperber KR, Annamamlai H (2008) Coupled model simulations of boreal summer intraseasonal (30–50 day) variability, part 1: systematic errors and caution on use of metrics. Clim Dyn 31:345–372. doi:10.1007/s00382-008-0367-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sperber KR, Palmer TN (1996) Interannual tropical rainfall variability in general circulation model simulations associated with the atmospheric model intercomparison project. J Clim 9:2727–2750

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sperber KR, Slingo JM, Annamalai H (2000) Predictability and the relationship between subseasonal and interannual variability during the Asian summer monsoon. Q J R Meteorol Soc 126:2545–2574

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor KE, Stouffer RJ, Meehl GA (2012) An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 93:485–498. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00094.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner AG, Annamalai H (2012) Climate change and the south Asian summer monsoon. Nature Clim Change 2:1–9. doi:10.1038/NCLIMATE1495

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner AG, Sperber KR, Slingo J, Meehl G, Mechoso CR, Kimoto M, Giannini A (2011) Modelling monsoons: understanding and predicting current and future behavior. In: Chang C-P, Ding Y, Lau N-C, Johnson RH, Wang B, Yasunari T (eds) The Global Monsoon System: Research and Forecast, 2nd edn. World Scientific Publishing Co., Singapore, pp 421–454

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Uppala SM, Kallberg PW, Simmons AJ, Andrae U, Bechtold VD, Fiorino M, Gibson JK, Haseler J, Hernandez A, Kelly GA, Li X, Onogi K, Saarinen S, Sokka N, Allan RP, Andersson E, Arpe K, Balmaseda MA, Beljaars ACM, Van De Berg L, Bidlot J, Bormann N, Caires S, Chevallier F, Dethof A, Dragosavac M, Fisher M, Fuentes M, Hagemann S, Holm E, Hoskins BJ, Isaksen L, Janssen P, Jenne R, McNally AP, Mahfouf JF, Morcrette JJ, Rayner NA, Saunders RW, Simon P, Sterl A, Trenberth KE, Untch A, Vasiljevic D, Viterbo P, Woollen J (2005) The ERA-40 re-analysis. Q J R Meteorol Soc 131:2961–3012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waliser DE, Jin K, Kang I-S, Stern WF, Schubert SD, Wu MLC, Lau K-M, Lee M-I, Krishnamurty V, Kitoh A, Meehl GA, Galin VY, Satyan V, Mandke SK, Wu G, Liu Y, Park C-K (2003) AGCM simulations of intraseasonal variability associated with the Asian summer monsoon. Clim Dyn 21:423–446. doi:10.1007/s00382-003-0337-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker GT (1924) Correlation in seasonal variations of weather, IV, A further study of world weather. Mem Indian Meteorol Dept 24:275–332

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang B (ed) (2006) The Asian monsoon. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang B, Fan Z (1999) Choice of South Asian summer monsoon indices. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 80:629–638

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang B, LinHo (2002) Rainy season of the Asian-Pacific Summer Monsoon. J Clim 15:386–398

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang B, Xie X (1997) A model for the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation. J Atmos Sci 54:72–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang B, Kang I-S, Lee J-Y (2004) Ensemble simulations of Asian-Australian monsoon variability by 11 AGCMs. J Clim 17:803–818

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang B, Wu Z, Li J, Liu J, Chang C-P, Ding Y, Wu G (2008) How to measure the strength of the East Asian summer monsoon. J Clim 21:4449–4463

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe M, Suzuki T, O’ishi R, Komuro Y, Watanabe S, Emori S, Takemura T, Chikira M, Ogura T, Sekiguchi M, Takata K, Yamazaki D, Yokohata T, Nozawa T, Hasumi H, Tatebe H, Kimoto M (2010) Improved climate simulation by MIROC5: mean states, variability, and climate sensitivity. J Clim 23:6312–6335. doi:10.1175/2010JCLI3679.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WCRP (1992) Simulation of interannual and intraseasonal monsoon variability. Rept. of Workshop, Boulder, CO, USA, 21–24 Oct 1991. WCRP-68, WMP/TD-470, WCRP, Geneva, Switzerland

  • WCRP (1993) Simulation and prediction of monsoons: recent results (TOGA/WGNE Monsoon). Numerical Experimentation Group, New Delhi, India, 12–14 Jan 1993. WCRP-80, WMP/TD-546, WCRP, Geneva, Switzerland

  • Webster PJ, Jian J (2011) Environmental prediction, risk assessment and extreme events: adaptation strategies for the developing world. Philos Trans R Soc A 369:4768–4797. doi:10.1098/rsta.2011.0160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webster PJ, Magana VO, Palmer TN, Shukla J, Thomas RA, Yanai M, Yasunari T (1998) Monsoons: processes, predictability, and the prospects for prediction. J Geophys Res 103:14451–14510

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilks DS (1995) Statistical methods in the atmospheric sciences. Academic Press, San Diego, CA

    Google Scholar 

  • Wittenberg AT (2009) Are historical records sufficient to constrain ENSO simulations? Geophys Res Lett 36:L12702. doi:10.1029/2009GL038710

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu B, Zhou T (2012) Relationships between East Asian-western North Pacific monsoon and ENSO simulated by FGOALS-s2. Adv Atmos Sci (accepted)

  • Wu G, Gan Y, Liu Y, Yan J, Mao J (2012) Air–sea interaction and formation of the Asian summer monsoon onset vortex over the Bay of Bengal. Clim Dyn 38:261–279. doi:10.1007/s00382-010-0978-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xie PP, Arkin PA (1997) Global precipitation: a 17-year monthly analysis based on gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model outputs. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 78:2539–2558

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou T, Li Z (2002) Simulation of the East Asian summer monsoon by using a variable resolution atmospheric GCM. Clim Dyn 19:167–180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou T, Yu R-C (2005) Atmospheric water vapor transport associated with typical anomalous summer rainfall patterns in China. J Geophys Res 110:D08104. doi:10.1029/2004JD005413

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou T, Zou L (2010) Understanding the predictability of East Asian summer monsoon from the reproduction of land-sea thermal contrast change in AMIP-type simulation. J Clim 23:6009–6026. doi:10.1175/2010JCLI3546.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou T, Wu B, Wang B (2009a) How well do atmospheric general circulation models capture the leading modes of the interannual variability of the Asian–Australian monsoon? J Clim 22:1159–1173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou T, Gong D, Li J, Li B (2009b) Detecting and understanding the multi-decadal variability of the East Asian Summer Monsoon—Recent progress and state of affairs. Meteorol Z 18:455–467

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou T, Wu B, Scaife AA, Bronnimann S, Cherchi A, Fereday D, Fischer AM, Folland CK, Jin KE, Kinter J, Knight JR, Kucharski F, Kusunoki S, Lau N-C, Li L, Nath MJ, Nakaegawa T, Navarra A, Pegion P, Rozanov E, Schubert S, Sporyshev P, Voldoire A, Wen X, Yoon JH, Zeng N (2009c) The CLIVAR C20C Project: which components of the Asian-Australian Monsoon circulation variations are forced and reproducible? Clim Dyn 33:1051–1068. doi:10.1007/s00382-008-0501-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou T, Hsu H-H, Matsumoto J (2011) Summer monsoons in East Asian Indochina, and the western North Pacific. In: Chang C-P, Ding Y, Lau N-C, Johnson RH, Wang B, Yasunari T (eds) The Global Monsoon System, Research and Forecast, 2nd edn. World Scientific Publishing Co, Singapore, pp 43–72

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We thank the CLIVAR AAMP and other invited experts for helpful comments and encouragement during the course of this work. We acknowledge the World Climate Research Programme’s Working Group on Coupled Modelling, which is responsible for CMIP, and we thank the climate modeling groups (listed in Table 1 of this paper) for producing and making available their model output. For CMIP the U.S. Department of Energy’s Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison provides coordinating support and led development of software infrastructure in partnership with the Global Organization for Earth System Science Portals. K. R. Sperber was supported by the Office of Science (BER), U.S. Department of Energy through Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. H. Annamalai was supported by the Office of Science (BER) U.S. Department of Energy, Grant DEFG02-07ER6445, and also by three institutional grants (JAMSTEC, NOAA and NASA) of the International Pacific Research Center. In-Sik Kang was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2009-C1AAA001-2009-0093042). Aurel Moise was supported by the Australian Climate Change Science Program, funded jointly by the Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency, the Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO. A. G. Turner is supported by a NERC Fellowship reference number NE/H015655/1. B. Wang was supported by US NSF award #AGS-1005599.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, L-103, Livermore, CA, 94551, USA

    K. R. Sperber

  2. International Pacific Research Center, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii, 1680 East–West Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA

    H. Annamalai & B. Wang

  3. School of Earth and Environmental Science (SEES), Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea

    I.-S. Kang

  4. Meteorological Research Institute, 1-1 Nagamine, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki Prefecture, 305-0052, Japan

    A. Kitoh

  5. Climate Variability and Change Group, Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, Australian Bureau of Meteorology, PO Box 1289, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia

    A. Moise

  6. Department of Meteorology, National Centre for Atmospheric Science-Climate, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6BB, UK

    A. Turner

  7. LASG, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 9804, Beijing, 100029, China

    T. Zhou

Authors
  1. K. R. Sperber
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. H. Annamalai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. I.-S. Kang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. A. Kitoh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. A. Moise
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. A. Turner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. B. Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. T. Zhou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to K. R. Sperber.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Sperber, K.R., Annamalai, H., Kang, IS. et al. The Asian summer monsoon: an intercomparison of CMIP5 vs. CMIP3 simulations of the late 20th century. Clim Dyn 41, 2711–2744 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1607-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1607-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation