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Offline handwritten mathematical expression recognition based on YOLOv5s

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Abstract

The error accumulation in traditional offline handwritten mathematical expression recognition (OHMER) becomes challenging, because of the two-dimensional structure and writing arbitrariness of offline handwritten mathematical formulas. In this study, an OHMER method based on YOLOv5s was proposed. First, YOLOv5s was used to recognize the symbol category and spatial location information of the expression image. Second, the spatial attention mechanism was introduced in YOLOv5s to enlarge the difference among symbol categories and improve accuracy. Then, a bidirectional long short-term memory network (BiLSTM) was introduced to give the symbols context-related information. Finally, the contextual relevance of the symbols was improved by increasing the number of BiLSTM layers, achieving an accuracy of 95.67%. A mathematical expressions relationship tree was built using the symbol recognition results. Clustering theory was used to analyze the two-dimensional structure of expressions. The recognition accuracy of expressions on the CROHME 2019 Test was 65.47%. The recognition rate of YOLOv5s_SB3CT is second only to that of PAL. However, the recognition rate of YOLOv5_SB3CT is higher than that of PAL when the error is less than three. This finding demonstrates that the proposed model is more fault-tolerant and stable than other models.

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Data availability

The data set used in this article comes from the CROHME, the other data supporting this study’s findings are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

This work is partly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61562009), the Open Fund Project in Semiconductor Power Device Reliability Engineering Center of Ministry of Education (No. ERCMEKFJJ2019-06), Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Projects (No. [2023]060), Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Support Plan (No. [2022]003).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Big Data and Information Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China

    Fei Li, Hongbo Fang, Dengzhun Wang, Ruixin Liu & Benliang Xie

  2. Power Semiconductor Device Reliability Engineering Center of the Ministry of Education, Guiyang, 550025, China

    Fei Li & Benliang Xie

  3. Guizhou Communication Industry Service Co., Ltd, Guiyang, 550002, China

    Qing Hou

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  1. Fei Li
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Correspondence to Benliang Xie.

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Li, F., Fang, H., Wang, D. et al. Offline handwritten mathematical expression recognition based on YOLOv5s. Vis Comput 40, 1439–1452 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-023-02859-1

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