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Proposed three-dimensional model of the orbit and relevance to orbital fracture repair

  • Anatomic Bases of Medical, Radiological and Surgical Techniques
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Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

To describe the relationship of the orbital rim and depth in Far Eastern skulls by anatomical study, using morphometry to yield an octagonal three-dimensional model of the orbit.

Methods

Forty-one orbits of 21 Far Eastern skulls from the Department of Anatomy of St George’s, University of London were included in this study. A morphometric study was conducted, measuring between eight reproducible orbital rim landmarks to yield perimeters, and from these landmarks to the optic canal to yield orbital depth. Orbital height and width were also recorded. Results were statistically analysed to look for evidence of gender variation or laterality before comparison with those from other ethnicities. The authors then present a method for three-dimensional description of the orbit.

Results

67 % of orbits were male. Orbital height and width were significantly greater in males (34.6 ± 2.0 and 39.4 ± 1.7, vs. 32.5 ± 2.3 and 37.2 ± 2.4 mm). Orbital perimeter tended towards being larger in males (126.3 vs. 122.2 mm, p = 0.05), as was the angle between medial and lateral walls (50.1° ± 2.0°, vs. 47.9° ± 3.0°).

Conclusion

This study has proposed a new method for describing the orbit using three-dimensional measurements, yielding clinically useful morphometric data. These results and model have applications in surgical navigation of the orbit, repair of fractures, and prediction of post-traumatic or surgical enophthalmos.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Jelena Bekvalac, Curator of Human Osteology at the Museum of London, for her time and expertise in forensically evaluating the specimens.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Biomedical Sciences (Anatomy), St George’s, University of London, London, UK

    Alexander Fitzhugh & Hasan Naveed

  2. Brain Repair and Rehabilitation Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK

    Indran Davagnanam

  3. Maxillofacial Unit, St George’s Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK

    Ashraf Messiha

Authors
  1. Alexander Fitzhugh
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  2. Hasan Naveed
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  3. Indran Davagnanam
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  4. Ashraf Messiha
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ashraf Messiha.

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Ethical standards

The authors confirm that this work has been conducted in accordance with the laws of the United Kingdom, where it was performed.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they received no funding for this research. Messiha is currently employed by St George’s Hospital. Fitzhugh and Naveed have previously received payment for employment by St George’s Medical School, for work unrelated to this research.

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Fitzhugh, A., Naveed, H., Davagnanam, I. et al. Proposed three-dimensional model of the orbit and relevance to orbital fracture repair. Surg Radiol Anat 38, 557–561 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-015-1561-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-015-1561-1

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