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Nanobody: outstanding features for diagnostic and therapeutic applications

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Abstract

Nanobodies (Nbs) have arisen as an alternative to conventional antibodies (Abs) and show great potential when used as tools in different biotechnology fields such as diagnostics and therapy. Different approaches have been described for the production of Nbs and these methods face new challenges focused on improving yield, affinity, and reducing production costs. This review summarizes these challenges, and also the latest advances in the detection of different kinds of molecules, such as proteins and small molecules, and describes their potential use for noninvasive in vivo imaging and for in vitro assays. Moreover, the unique properties of Nbs are outlined like internalization, size, thermal and chemical stability, affinity, blood clearance, and labeling procedures. Concerning therapeutic applications, we highlight some already reported examples about Nbs being used for the treatment of several diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative or infectious diseases among others. Finally, future trends, opportunities, and disadvantages are also discussed.

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Acknowledgements

This work has been funded by the ImmunoQS project funded by MINECO, Programa Estatal de Investigación Desarrollo e Innovación Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad (SAF2015-67476-R). The Nb4D group is a consolidated research group (Grup de Recerca) of the Generalitat de Catalunya and has support from the Departament d’Universitats, Recerca i Societat de la Informació de la Generalitat de Catalunya (expedient: 2017 SGR 1441). CIBER-BBN is an initiative funded by the Spanish National Plan for Scientific and Technical Research and Innovation 2013-2016, Iniciativa Ingenio 2010, Consolider Program, CIBER Actions are financed by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III with assistance from the European Regional Development Fund.

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  1. J.-Pablo Salvador and Lluïsa Vilaplana contributed equally to this work.

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  1. Nanobiotechnology for Diagnostics Group (Nb4D), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Nanotechnology, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC) of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain

    J.-Pablo Salvador, Lluïsa Vilaplana & M.-Pilar Marco

  2. CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain

    J.-Pablo Salvador, Lluïsa Vilaplana & M.-Pilar Marco

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Salvador, JP., Vilaplana, L. & Marco, MP. Nanobody: outstanding features for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 411, 1703–1713 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-019-01633-4

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