Nothing Special   »   [go: up one dir, main page]
Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

First- and second-order statistical characterizations of the dynamic body area propagation channel of various bandwidths

  • Published:
annals of telecommunications - annales des télécommunications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Comprehensive statistical characterizations of the dynamic narrowband on-body area and on-body to off-body area channels are presented. These characterizations are based on real-time measurements of the time domain channel response at carrier frequencies near the 900- and 2,400-MHz industrial, scientific, and medical bands and at a carrier frequency near the 402-MHz medical implant communications band. We consider varying amounts of body movement, numerous transmit–receive pair locations on the human body, and various bandwidths. We also consider long periods, i.e., hours of everyday activity (predominantly indoor scenarios), for on-body channel characterization. Various adult human test subjects are used. It is shown, by applying the Akaike information criterion, that the Weibull and Gamma distributions generally fit agglomerates of received signal amplitude data and that in various individual cases the Lognormal distribution provides a good fit. We also characterize fade duration and fade depth with direct matching to second-order temporal statistics. These first- and second-order characterizations have important utility in the design and evaluation of body area communications systems.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. On-body implies transmission and reception both on the subject’s body.

  2. Off-body implies transmission on the subject’s body and reception somewhere off the subject’s body.

  3. One advantage of this averaging is that it enables the capture of far deeper fades.

  4. Variance of Gamma, Weibull, and Nakagami-m distributions, based on their respective distribution parameters, are given in “Appendix”.

  5. Bin size B s given by

    $$ B_s = 2I_r(x)n^{-1/3}$$

    where I r is the inter-quartile range of the data sample x (in this case measured normalized received signal amplitude) and n is the sample size of x.

  6. Lognormal, Normal, and Rayleigh best-fit PDFs are overlayed, with the best of best fits between Weibull, Gamma, and Nakagami-m PDFs also overlayed; in Fig. 9, Weibull and Gamma are overlayed.

  7. The complete set of on-body fits is in [5].

  8. The complete set of off-body fits is in [6].

  9. This case is specified in the seventh row of Table 6, in the column for 820 MHz.

  10. Although there will be some variation in parameters for each link.

References

  1. Miniutti D, Hanlen L, Smith D, Zhang A, Lewis D, Rodda D, Gilbert B (2008) Dynamic narrowband channel measurements around 2.4 GHz for body area networks. IEEE802.15.6 technical contribution, document ID: 15-08-0354-01-0006-dynamic-narrowband-channel-measurements-around-2-4-ghz-for-body-area-networks

  2. Miniutti D, Hanlen L, Smith D, Zhang A, Lewis D, Rodda D, Gilbert B (2008) Narrowband on-body to off-body channel characterization for body area networks. IEEE802.15.6 technical contribution, document ID: 15-08-0559-00-0006-narrowband-On-Body-to-Off-Body-channel-characterization-for-ban.pdf

  3. Miniutti D, Hanlen L, Smith D, Zhang A, Lewis D, Rodda D, Gilbert B (2008) Characterisation of small-scale fading in BAN channels. IEEE802.15.6 technical contribution, document ID: 15-08-716-00-0006

  4. Miniutti D, Hanlen L, Smith D, Zhang A, Lewis D, Rodda D, Gilbert B (2009) NICTA proposal. IEEE802.15.6 technical contribution, document ID: 15-09-0345-00-0006

  5. Smith D, Hanlen L, Miniutti D, Zhang J, Rodda D, Gilbert B (2008) Statistical characterization of the dynamic narrowband body area channel. In: Applied sciences on biomedical and communication technologies. First international symposium on ISABEL ’08, pp 1–5. doi:10.1109/ISABEL.2008.4712618

  6. Smith D, Hanlen L, Zhang J, Miniutti D, Rodda D, Gilbert B (2009) Characterization of the dynamic narrowband on-body to off-body area channel. In: IEEE international conference on communications. ICC ’09, pp 1–6. doi:10.1109/ICC.2009.5198824

  7. Smith D, Miniutti D, Hanlen L, Zhang JA, Rodda D, Gilbert B (2009) Dynamic channel measurements around 400 MHz for body area networks. IEEE802.15.6 technical contribution, document ID: 15-09-0186-00-0006-dynamic-channel-measurements-around-400mhz-for-body-area-networks.pdf

  8. Zhen B, Patel M, Lee S, Won E (2008) Body area network (BAN) technical requirements. 15-08-0037-01-0006-ieee-802-15-6-technical-requirements-document-v-4-0

  9. Lewis D (2008) IEEE P802.15-08-0407-05: 802.15.6 call for applications—response summary. IEEE submission

  10. Hall PS, Hao Y (2006) Antennas and propagation for body centric wireless networks. Artech, Norwood

    Google Scholar 

  11. Yazdandoost KY, Sayrafian-Pour K (2008) Channel model for body area network (BAN) [IEEE-802.15-08-0033-00-0006]. NICT, NIST

  12. Scanlon WG, Evans NE (2001) Numerical analysis of bodyworn UHF antenna systems. IEEE Electron Commun Eng J 13:53–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Miniutti D, Hanlen LW, Smith DB, Zhang JA, Lewis D, Rodda D, Gilbert B (2008) Narrowband channel characterization for body area networks [ieee-208.15.08.0421.00.0006]. Tech. rep., IEEE802.15.6

  14. Gupta SKS, Lalwani S, Prakash Y, Elsharawy E, Schwiebert L (2003) Towards a propagation model for wireless biomedical applications. In: IEEE global communications conference. GLOBECOM 2003, pp 1993–1997

  15. Smith DB (2008) Electromagnetic characterisation through and around human body by simulation using SEMCAD X. Tech. rep. CRL-3282, NICTA

  16. Fort A, Desset C, Wambacq P, Biesen L (2007) Indoor body-area channel model for narrowband communications. IET Microwaves Antennas Propag 1(6):1197–1203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Zasowski T, Meyer G, Althaus F, Wittneben A (2005) Propagation effects in UWB body area networks. In: 2005 IEEE international conference on ultra-wideband, 2005. ICU 2005, pp 16–21

  18. Obayashi S, Zander J (1998) A body-shadowing model for indoor radio communication environments. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 46(6):920–927. doi:10.1109/8.686781

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Hall P, Hao Y, Nechayev Y, Alomalny A, Constantinou C, Parini C, Kamarudin M, Salim T, Hee D, Dubrovka R, Owadally A, Song W, Serra A, Nepa P, Gallo M, Bozzetti M (2007) Antennas and propagation for on-body communication systems. IEEE Antennas Propag Mag 49(3):41–58. doi:10.1109/MAP.2007.4293935

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Neirynck D, Williams C, Nix A, Beach M (2004) Wideband channel characterisation for body and personal area networks. In: 2nd international workshop on wearable and implantable body sensor networks

  21. Cotton SL, Scanlon WG (2006) A statistical model for indoor multipath propagation for a narrowband wireless body area network. In: IEEE personal, indoor and mobile radio communications symposium, PIMRC 2009, pp 1–5

  22. Cotton SL, Scanlon WG, Jim G (2008) The κ − μ distribution applied to the analysis of fading in body to body communication channels for fire and rescue personnel. IEEE Antennas Wirel Propag Lett 7:66–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Fort A, Desset C, de Doncker P, Wambacq P, van Biesen L (2006) An ultra-wideband body area propagation channel model-from statistics to implementation. IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech 54(4):1820–1826

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Scanlon WG, Cotton SL (2008) Understand on-body fading channel at 2.45 GHz using measurements based on user state and environment. In: Loughborough antennas and propagation conference, pp 10–13. Loughborough, UK

  25. Zhang QT (2003) A generic correlated Nakagami fading model for wireless communications. IEEE Trans Commun 51(11):1745–1748

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Ganesh R, Pahlavan K (1989) On the modeling of fading multipath indoor radio channels. In: IEEE global communications conference. GLOBECOM 1989, vol 3, pp 1346–1350

  27. Akaike H (1973) Information theory as an extension of the maximum likelihood principle. In: Proc. 2nd. int. inf. theory syst., pp 267–281

  28. Burnham K, Anderson D (2002) Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical information-theoretic approach, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin (2002)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  29. Freedman D, Diaconis P (1981) On the histogram as a density estimator: L 2 theory. Probabi Theory Related Fields 57(4):453–476

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  30. Hashemi H (1993) The indoor radio propagation channel. Proc IEEE 8(7):943–968. doi:10.1109/5.231342

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Tzeremes G, Christodoulou C (2002) Use of Weibull distribution for describing outdoor multipath fading. In: Antennas and Propagation Society international symposium, vol 1. IEEE, New York, pp 232–235. doi:10.1109/APS.2002.1016291

    Google Scholar 

  32. Abdi A, Kaveh M (1999) On the utility of gamma pdf in modeling shadow fading (slow fading). In: IEEE 49th vehicular technology conference, vol 3, pp 2308–2312. doi:10.1109/VETEC.1999.778479

  33. Abdi A, Kaveh M (1999) Envelope PDF in multipath fading channels with random number of paths and nonuniform phase distributions. In: Tranter WH, Rappaport TS, Woerner BD, Reed JH (eds) Wireless personal communications. Kluwer, Norwell, pp 275–282

    Google Scholar 

  34. Fenton L (1960) The sum of log-normal probability distributions in scatter transmission systems. IEEE Trans Commun Syst CS-8(1):57–67

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  35. Hanlen LW, Miniutti D, Rodda D, Gilbert B (2009) Interference in body area networks: distance does not dominate. In: IEEE personal indoor and mobile radio conference. PIMRC 2009. Yokohama, Japan

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. National ICT Australia (NICTA), Locked Bag 8001, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia

    David B. Smith, Leif W. Hanlen, Dino Miniutti & David Rodda

  2. ICT Centre, CSIRO, P.O. Box 76, Epping, NSW, 1710, Australia

    Jian (Andrew) Zhang

  3. Air-Services Australia, GPO Box 367, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia

    Ben Gilbert

Authors
  1. David B. Smith
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Leif W. Hanlen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jian (Andrew) Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Dino Miniutti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. David Rodda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Ben Gilbert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to David B. Smith.

Additional information

Parts of this work appeared in [1–7].

D. Smith, L. Hanlen, J. (A.) Zhang, and D. Miniutti also hold adjunct appointments with the Australian National University.

National ICT Australia is funded by the Australian Government as represented by the Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy and the Australian Research Council through the ICT Centre of Excellence program.

Appendix

Appendix

Variance of the Gamma distribution, shape parameter a, scale parameter b

$$ Var_{\rm gam}(x)=ab^2. $$
(8)

Variance of the Weibull distribution, scale parameter a, shape parameter b

$$ Var_{\rm wbl}(x)=a^2\left[\Gamma\left(1+\frac{2}{b}\right)-\Gamma^2\left(1+\frac{1}{b}\right)\right]. $$
(9)

Variance of the Nakagami-m distribution, shape parameter m, spread parameter ω

$$ Var_{\rm nak}(x)=\omega\left(1-\frac{1}{m}\left(\frac{\Gamma(m+1/2)}{\Gamma(m)}\right)^2\right). $$
(10)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Smith, D.B., Hanlen, L.W., Zhang, J.(. et al. First- and second-order statistical characterizations of the dynamic body area propagation channel of various bandwidths. Ann. Telecommun. 66, 187–203 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12243-010-0233-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12243-010-0233-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation