Industrial Monitoring: Hygiene in Food Processing

• Anon. (1967) Tube test for the evaluation of detergent-disinfectants for dairy equipment. International Standard FIL-1DF44, International Dairy-Federation, Brussels.

  Google Scholar 

• Anon. (1984) AOAC Use-Dilution Method. In Official Methods Of Analysis of the Association of Official Chemists, 14^th Edition, ed S.Williams. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Inc., Arlington.

  Google Scholar 

• Anon. (1986) AFNOR T72–190 Germ-carrier method. 1’Association Francaise de Normalisation, Paris.

  Google Scholar 

• Anon. (1987) Method of test for the antimicrobial activity of disinfectants in food hygiene. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.

  Google Scholar 

• Anon. (1981) Disinfectants. Their use and evaluation of effectiveness. Eds. C.H. Collins, M.C. Allwood, S.F. Bloomfield and A. Fox, Society for Applied Bacteriology Technical Series No. 16, Academic Press, London.

  Google Scholar 

• Anon (1991) Chapter 5, ‘Sanitation’. In Principles and Practices for the Safe Processing of Foods. Eds. D.A. and N.F. Shapton, Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd, Oxford.

  Google Scholar 

• Baldock, J.D. (1974) Microbiological monitoring of the food plant: methods to assess bacterial contamination on surfaces. Journal of Milk Food Technology 37, 361–368

  Google Scholar 

• Bergman, B-O. and Tragardh, C. (1990) An approach to study and model the hydrodynamic cleaning effect. Journal of Food Process Engineering 13, 135–154

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Corrieu, G. (1981) State-of-the-art of cleaning surfaces. In Proceedings of Fundamentals and Application of Surface Phenomena Associated with Fouling and Cleaning in Food Processing. April 6–9, Lund University, Sweden.

  Google Scholar 

• Dunsmore, D.G., Twomey, A., Whittlestone, W.G. and Morgan, H.W. (1981) Design and performance of systems for cleaning product contact surfaces of food equipment: A review. Journal of Food Protection 44, 220–240, 1981.

  Google Scholar 

• Elliot, R.P. (1980) Cleaning and sanitation. In Principals of food processing sanitation. Ed Katsuyama, A.M., The Food Processors Institute, U.S.A.

  Google Scholar 

• Favero, M.S., Gabis, D.A. and Veseley, D. (1984) Environmental monitoring procedures. In Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Foods. Ed. M.L. Speck, American Public Health Association, Washington, DC.

  Google Scholar 

• Fletcher, M. (1984) Comparative physiology of attached and free-living bacteria. In Microbial Adhesion and Aggregation, Ed Marshall,K.C., Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

  Google Scholar 

• Frank, J.F. and Koffi, R.A. 1990 Surface-adherant growth of Listeria monocytogenes is associated with increased resistance to surfactant sanitisers and heat. Journal of Food Protection 53, 550–554

  Google Scholar 

• Hayes, P.R. (1985) Chapter 9, Cleaning and Disinfection: Methods. In Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, London.

  Google Scholar 

• Holah, J.T. (1990) Monitoring the hygienic status of surfaces. In Proceedings of 1 Hygiene for the 90‘s’. Campden Food and Drink Research Association, Chipping Campden, UK.

  Google Scholar 

• Holah, J.T. (1991) Food Surface Sanitation. In Encyclopedia of Food Science and Technology. Ed. Y.H. Hui, John Wiley and Sons, New York.

  Google Scholar 

• Holah,J.T.(Inpress)CleaningandDisinfection.InChilledFoods:A Comprehensive Guide. Eds C. Dennis and M.F. Stringer, Ellis Horwood , Chichester.

  Google Scholar 

• Holah, J.T., Betts, R.P. and Thorpe, R.H. (1988) The use of direct epifluorescent microscopy (DEM) and the direct epifluorescent filter technique (DEFT) to assess microbial populations on food contact surfaces.Journal of Applied Bacteriology 65,215–221

  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Holah,J.T., Betts,R,P. and Thorpe,R,H. (1989) The use of epifluorescence microscopy to determine surface hygiene.International Biodeterioration25, 147–153

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Holah, J.T., Higgs, C., Robinson, S., Worthington, D. and Spenceley, H. (1990) A Malthus Based Surface Disinfection Test For Food Hygiene.Letters in Applied Microbiology 11, 255–259

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Holah, J.T. and Thorpe, R.H. (1990) Cleanability in relation to bacterial retention on unused and abraded domestic sink materials.Journalof Applied Bacteriology 69, 599–608

  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Holah, J.T., Timperley, A.W. and Holder, J.S. (1990) The spread of Listeria by cleaning systems. Technical Memorandum No. 590, Campden Food and Drink Research Association, Chipping Campden, UK.

  Google Scholar 

• Hugo, W.B., Pallent, L.J., Grant, D.J.W., Denyer, S.P. and Davies, A. (1985) Factors contributing to the survival of Pseudomonas cepacia in chlorhexidine. Letters in Applied Microbiology 2, 37–42

  Article  Google Scholar 

• ICMFS (1980) Chapter 14; Cleaning, Disinfection and Hygiene, pp232–258. In Microbial Ecology of Foods, Volume 1, Factors Affecting Life and Death of Microorganisms. The International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods, Academic Press, London.

  Google Scholar 

• ICMFS (1988) Chapter 6; Cleaning and disinfecting, pp93–116. In Microorganisms in Foods, Volume 4, Application of the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) System to Ensure Microbiological Safetyand Quality.The International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods, Blackwell Scientific, Oxford.

  Google Scholar 

• Jennings, W.G. (1965) Theory and practice of hard-surface cleaning. Advances in Food Research 14, 325–459, 1965.

  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Keevil, C.W. and Mackerness, C.W. 1990 Biocide treatment of biofilms.

  Google Scholar 

• International Biodeterioration 26, 169–179

  Google Scholar 

• Klemperer,R.(1982) Tests for disinfectants:principals and problems.In Disinfectants: their assessment and industrial use, Scientific Symposia Ltd, London.

  Google Scholar 

• Koopal,L.K.(1985) Physico-chemical aspects of hard-surface cleaning.Netherlands Milk and Dairy Journal 39, 127–154

  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Kulkarni, S.M., Maxy, R.B. and Arnold, R.G. (1975) Evaluation of soil deposition and removal processes: An interpretive view.Journal of Dairy Science 58, 1922–1936

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Lechevallier, M.W., Cawthorn, C.D. and Lee, R.G. (1988) Inactivation of biofilm bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 54, 2492–2499

  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Lee, S-H. and Frank, J.F. 1991 Inactivation of surface-adherant Listeria monocytogenes: Hypochlorite and heat. Journal of Food Protection 54, 4–6

  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Loncin, M. (1977) Modelling in cleaning, disinfection and rinsing. In proceedings of “Mathematical modelling in food processing”, 7–9 September, Lund. Lund Institute of Technology, 1977.

  Google Scholar 

• Mckinnon, C.M. and Mansell, R. (1981) Rapid counting of bacteria in rinses of milking equipment by a membrane filtration epifluorescent filter technique. Journal of Applied Biology 51, 363–369

  Google Scholar 

• Mrozek, H. (1982) Development trends with disinfection in the food industry. Deutsche Molkerei-Zeitung 12, 348–352

  Google Scholar 

• Offiler,M.T. (1990) Open plant cleaning: equipment and methods. In proceedings of ‘Hygiene for the 90’s’ November 7–8, Campden Food and Drink Research Association, Chipping Campden, Glos., U.K.

  Google Scholar 

• Patterson, J.T. (1971) Microbiological assessment of surfaces.Journal of Food Technology 6, 63–72

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Pettipher, G.L., Mansell, R. and Mckinnon, C.M. (1980) Rapid membrane filtration epifluorescent microscopy technique for direct enumeration of bacteria in raw milk. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 39, 423–429

  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Raybrouk, G. 1982 The evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of disinfectants. In Principles and Practice of Disinfection, Eds. A.D. Russell, W.B. Hugo and G.A.J. Ayliffe, Blackwell Scientific Publications, London.

  Google Scholar 

• Ridgway, H.F and Olsen, B.H (1982) Chlorine resistance patterns of bacteria from two drinking water distribution systems. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 44, 972–987

  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Russell, A.D., Hugo, W.B. and Ayliffe, G.A.J. (1982) Principles and Practice of Disinfection, Blackwell Scientific Publications, London.

  Google Scholar 

• Schmidt, U. and Cremmling, K. (1981) Cleaning and disinfection processes. IV. Effects of cleaning and other measureson surface bacterial flora. Fleischwirtschaft 61, 1202–1207

  Google Scholar 

• Schlussler,H.J.(1975) Zur Kinetik von Reinigungsvorgangen an festen Oberflachen. Symposiumuber Reinigen und Desinfizieren lebensmittelverarbeitender Anlagen. Karlsruhe, 1975.

  Google Scholar 

• Simpson, W.J. (1989) “Instant” assessment of brewery hygiene using ATP Bioluminescence. Brewers Guardian 118, 20–22

  Google Scholar 

• Thompson,P.(1989) Rapid hygiene analysis using ATP Bioluminescence. European Food and Drink Review, Spring Issue, 42–48

  Google Scholar 

• Thorpe, R.H. and Barker, P.M. (1987) Hygienic Design of Liquid Handling Equipment for the Food Industry. Technical Manual No. 17, Campden Food and Drink Research Association, Chipping Campden, UK.

  Google Scholar 

• Timperley, D.A. and Lawson, G.B. (1980) Test rigs for evaluation of hygiene in plant design. In Hygienic Design and Operation of Food Plant. Ed. R. Jowitt, Ellis Horwood, Chichester.

  Google Scholar 

• Walker, A.J., Jassim, S.A.A., Holah, J.T., Denyer, S.P. and Stewart, G.S.A.B. (1992) Bioluminescent Listeria monocytogenes provide a rapid assay for measuring biocide efficacy. FEMS Microbiology Letters 91, 251–256

  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Wright, J.B., Ruseska, I. and Costerton,J.W. (1991) Decreased biocide susceptibility of adherent Legionella pneumophila.Journal of Applied Bacteriology 71, 531–538

  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references