Abstract
A precursor of this study is this author’s paper [242], probing into fallacious reasoning in etymology: we enucleated one possible etymothetical pattern (out of many) based on analogy, and showed it to be fallacious by discussing specific examples. We further develop here that discussion, and combine the treatment with knowledge representation approaches from artificial intelligence. The particular wrong etymology we dissect here, too, is about names for ‘carrot’. For the Semitic roots \(\sqrt{\mbox{\it krt}}\,\) and \(\sqrt{\mbox{\it gzr}}\,\) the central sememe is ‘to cut’. Semitic names for ‘carrot’ outwardly have a root \(\sqrt{\mbox{\it gzr}}\,\) (a semantic shift to ‘wedged taproot’ from ‘cut’ is tempting), yet this is not a credible etymology. It has been maintained that Semitic names for ‘carrot’ are a loan from outside Semitic, and this is likely. It has been claimed that the source language is Middle Persian, the historical stratum relevant for the appearance of the terms in Semitic, contra Laufer’s old hypothesis that the carrot was brought into Persia by the Arabs. But Rossi cogently points out (see Subsec.5.5) that on both philological and Indo-Iranic archaeological grounds, the hypothesis of an Iranic origin for carrots and their names is not supported (contra claims that carrot varieties apparently spread from Afghanistan or Iran), and that even the usual assumption of Indo-European etymology is not on firm ground. At any rate, cultivated carrots apparently only spread after the Islamic conquest. Neither the Persian, nor the Greek and European names for ‘carrot’ came from Semitic \(\sqrt{\mbox{\it krt}}\,\). We analyse here the hypothesis by means of ontologies from computing (we use a variant of partitioned semantic networks); we combine this approach with a formal representation of argumentation (Wigmore Charts); and we show how a variant of partitioned semantic network capturing the content of arguments can be stored inside deeply nested relations (à la XML). Of the seven appendices, Appendix C surveys research into phytonymy (i.e., plant names). Appendix D starts with analogical formations (English carrot tree and cabbage tree), and a discussion of African synonyms, of which one is shown to have a stem homonymous with, but unrelated to, that of a Soqotri noun, leads to our clarifying a tantalising situation of a few (Semitic or Egyptian) names for plump natural kinds: in Arabic for ‘bear’ and ‘pomelo’ (as well as the adjective for ‘plump’), in Hebrew for ‘bear’ and (as per the present-day sense) ‘cherry’, in Soqotri for ‘seal’, and in ancient Egyptian for ‘hippopotamus’. We argue that the semantic trait ‘plump’ was a shared factor, and that those terms in practice are corradicals.
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Nissan, E.: Proprietà formali nel progetto logico-concettuale di basi di dati. (Italian: Formal Properties in the Logical and Conceptual Design of Databases.) Tesi di Laurea in Ingegneria Elettronica, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Politecnico di Milano, 2 vols., 400+200 p. (1982). Awarded the Burroughs Italiana Prize.
Nissan, E.: The Info-Spatial Derivative: A New Formal Tool for Database Design. In: Proceedings of the AICA 1983 Conference, Naples, vol. 2, pp. 177–182 (1983)
Nissan, E.: Data Analysis Using a Geometrical Representation of Predicate Calculus. Information Sciences 41(3), 187–258 (1987)
Nissan, E.: On the Semitic Component in the Lexicon of New Kingdom Egyptian, and Its Role in Reconstructing Northwest Semitic Morphology. Hebrew Linguistics 45, 95–100 (1999) (in Hebrew)
Nissan, E.: A Formalism for Competing Claims of Identification: The “Smemorato di Collegno” Amnesia Case. Informatics and Computing 20(6), 625–656 (2001)
Nissan, E.: A Formalism for Misapprehended Identities: Taking a Leaf Out of Pirandello. In: Stock, O., Strapparava, C., Nijholt, A. (eds.) Proceedings of the Twentieth Twente Workshop on Language Technology (TWLT20), Trento, Italy, April 15–16, pp. 113–123. University of Twente, Twente, The Netherlands (2002)
Nissan, E.: Identification and Doing Without It, I: A Situational Classification of Misapplied Personal Identity, With a Formalism for a Case of Multiple Usurped Identity in Marivaux. Cybernetics and Systems 34(4-5), 317–358 (2003)
Nissan, E.: Identification and Doing Without It, II: Visual Evidence for Pinpointing Identity. How Alexander Was Found Out: Purposeful Action, Enlisting Support, Assumed Identity, and Recognition. A Goal-Driven Formal Analysis. Cybernetics and Systems 34(4-5), 359–380 (2003)
Nissan, E.: Identification and Doing Without It, III: Authoritative Opinions, Purposeful Action, Relabelled Goods, and Forensic Examinations. The Case of the Stuffed Birds: Its Narrative Dynamics Set in Formulae. Cybernetics and Systems 34(6-7), 467–500 (2003)
Nissan, E.: Identification and Doing Without It, IV: A Formal Mathematical Analysis for the Feveroles Case, of Mixup of Kinds and Ensuing Litigation; and a Formalism for the “Cardiff Giant” Double Hoax. Cybernetics and Systems 34(6-7), 501–530 (2003)
Nissan, E.: Goals, Arguments, and Deception: A Formal Representation from the AURANGZEB Project. I: An Episode from the Succession War. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 18(3), 281–305 (2007)
Nissan, E.: Goals, Arguments, and Deception: A Formal Representation from the AURANGZEB Project. II: A Formalism for the Capture of Murad. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 18(3), 307–327 (2007)
Nissan, E.: Mangiapane, mangiauova, mangiarape: qualche dato inedito sui blasoni alimentari. La Ricerca Folklorica 55, 139–146 (2007)
Nissan, E.: A Gleaning of Concepts from the Natural Sciences Held by the Jewish Sages of Late Antiquity: From Zoology, to Optical Instrumentation (Viewing Tubes). In: La cultura scientifico-naturalistica nei Padri della Chiesa (I–V sec.): XXXV Incontro di Studiosi dell’Antichità Cristiana, Rome, May 4-6 (2006). Studia Ephemeridis ‘Augustinianum’, vol. 101, pp. 49–81. Institutum Patristicum Augustinianum, Rome (2007)
Nissan, E.: Etymothesis and Fallacy: On Carrots and the Liver. Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages 34(1), 57–73 (2008)
Nissan, E.: Chance vs. Causality, and a Taxonomy of Explanations. In: Negrotti, M. (ed.) Natural Chance, Artificial Chance, thematic volume of Yearbook of the Artificial: Nature, Culture & Technology, vol. 5, pp. 195–258. Peter Lang, Basel, Switzerland (2008)
Nissan, E.: Nested Beliefs, Goals, Duties, and Agents Reasoning About Their Own or Each Other’s Body in the TIMUR Model: A Formalism for the Narrative of Tamerlane and the Three Painters. Journal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems 52(3/4), 515–582 + that paper’s contents on pp. 340–341 (2008)
Nissan, E.: Medieval (and Later) Compulsory Signs of Group Identity Disclosure. Part I: The General Pattern at the Core of the Social Dynamics of the Jewish Badge, Set in Episodic Formulae and in Systems & Control Block Schemata. Journal of Sociocybernetics 6(1), 11–30 (2008), http://www.unizar.es/sociocybernetics/
Nissan, E.: Three Perspectives on Pretexts: Seeking Self-Exoneration by Hierarchical Decomposition; Making an Archetype-Evoking Claim; and Rhetorical Cover-Up. In: Turell, M.M., Spassova, M., Cicres Bosch, J. (eds.) Proceedings of the Second IAFL European Conference on Forensic Linguistics / Language and the Law (IAFL 2006), September 14-16 (2006), pp. 293–303. Documenta Universitaria, Barcelona, Spain (2008)
Nissan, E.: Tools for Representing and Processing Narratives. In: Quigley, M. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Information Ethics and Security, pp. 638–644. IGI Global (formerly Idea Group), Hershey, Pennsylvania (2008)
Nissan, E.: Argument Structure Models and Visualization. In: Pagani, M. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Multimedia Technology and Networking, 2nd edn., vol. 1 (of 3), pp. 75–82. IGI Global, Hershey, PA (2008)
Nissan, E.: Argumentation and Computing. In: Quigley, M. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Information Ethics and Security, pp. 30–35. IGI Global, Hershey, PA (2008)
Nissan, E.: Argumentation with Wigmore Charts and Computing. In: Quigley, M. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Information Ethics and Security, pp. 36–41. IGI Global, Hershey, PA (2008)
Nissan, E.: Epistemic Formulae, Argument Structures, and a Narrative on Identity and Deception: A Formal Representation from the AJIT Subproject Within AURANGZEB. Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence 54(4), 293–362 (2008 [2009])
Nissan, E.: On Nebuchadnezzar in Pseudo-Sirach. Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha 19(1), 45–76 (2009)
Nissan, E.: Medieval (and Later) Compulsory Signs of Group Identity Disclosure. Part II: The Intervention of Joseph Cazès in Teheran in 1898, Set in Episodic Formulae. Journal of Sociocybernetics 7(1), 54–96 (2009 [2010]), http://www.unizar.es/sociocybernetics/
Nissan, E.: On Joshua in Pseudo-Sirach. Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha 20(3), 163–218 (2011)
Nissan, E.: Della polisemia di sciôt ticinese e circumlariano, con un’analogia. Lo schema onomasiologico di due paia lessicali dell’ebraico biblico: ṣefī‘īm vs. ṣefī‘ōt, e ṣe’ eṣā’īm vs. ṣō’ā o ṣē’ā. Aula Orientalis 29, 311–316 (2011)
Nissan, E.: A Sample Mock-Aetiological Story for Names for Biological Taxa, from the Model Corpus. Sec. 5 in: E. Nissan, Between Puns and Narratives: Goals of the GALLURA Project. In: Nijholt, A. (ed.) Computational Humor 2012: Extended Abstracts of the (3rd International) Workshop on Computational Humor, pp. 41–47. Universiteit Twente, Faculteit Elektrotechniek, Wiskunde en Informatica, Enschede, The Netherlands (2012); in the electronic proceedings. (The Latex code of this paper arrived late for inclusion in the printed volume, but it was included in its electronic version)
Nissan, E.: Asia at Both Ends: An Introduction to Etymythology, with a Response to Chapter 9. Chapter 10 in: Zuckermann, G. (ed.) Burning Issues in Afro-Asiatic Linguistics, pp. 202–387. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle, England (2012) (The table of contents of Ch. 10 is on pp. 12–13. The presentation of Part II [i.e., the posthumous Ch. 9 by Bruria Bergman, and the response to it: Ch. 10] and the two abstracts are on pp. 5–7. Biosketch on pp. 17–18)
Nissan, E.: Nuclear In-Core Fuel Reload Design: The Trajectory of a Sequence of Projects. In: Dershowitz, N., Nissan, E. (eds.) Choueka Festschrift, Part I. LNCS, vol. 8001, pp. 263–363. Springer, Heidelberg (2014)
Nissan, E.: Tale Variants and Analysis in Episodic Formulae: Early Ottoman, Elizabethan, and “Solomonic” Versions. In: Dershowitz, N., Nissan, E. (eds.) Choueka Festschrift, Part II. LNCS, vol. 8002, pp. 138–192. Springer, Heidelberg (2014)
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Nissan, E. (2014). Etymothesis, Fallacy, and Ontologies: An Illustration from Phytonymy. In: Dershowitz, N., Nissan, E. (eds) Language, Culture, Computation. Computational Linguistics and Linguistics. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 8003. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45327-4_10
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