From Quantification to Visualization: A Taxonomy of Uncertainty Visualization Approaches

1. Beard, M.K., Buttenfield, B.P., Clapham, S.B.: Ncgia research initiative 7 visualization of spatial data quality, technical paper 91-26. Tech. rep., Natl Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (1991)

   Google Scholar 

2. Berger, W., Piringer, H., Filzmoser, P., Gröller, E.: Uncertainty-aware exploration of continuous parameter spaces using multivariate prediction. CGF 30(3), 911–920 (2011)

   Google Scholar 

3. Bhatia, H., Jadhav, S., Bremer, P.T., Chen, G., Levine, J., Nonato, L., Pascucci, V.: Edge maps: Representing flow with bounded error. In: Proceedings of IEEE Pacific Visualization Symposium, pp. 75–82 (2011)

   Google Scholar 

4. Bhatia, H., Jadhav, S., Bremer, P.T., Chen, G., Levine, J., Nonato, L., Pascucci, V.: Flow visualization with quantified spatial and temporal errors using edge maps. IEEE TVCG (to appear, 2012)

   Google Scholar 

5. Boller, R.A., Braun, S.A., Miles, J., Laidlaw, D.H.: Application of uncertainty visualization methods to meteorological trajectories. Earth Science Informatics 3(1-2), 119–126 (2010)

   Article  Google Scholar 

6. Bonneau, G.P., Hege, H.C., Johnson, C.R., Oliveria, M., Potter, K., Rheingans, P.: Overview and State-of-the-Art of Uncertainty Visualization (to appear, 2012)

   Google Scholar 

7. Bordoloi, U.D., Kao, D.L., Shen, H.W.: Visualization techniques for spatial probability density function data. Data Science Journal 3, 153–162 (2004)

   Article  Google Scholar 

8. Botchen, R.P., Weiskop, D., Ertl, T.: Texture-based visualization of uncertainty in flow fields. In: IEEE Visualization 2005, pp. 647–654 (2005)

   Google Scholar 

9. Botchen, R.P., Weiskopf, D., Ertl, T.: Interactive visualisation of uncertainty in flow fields using texture-based techniques. In: 12th Iternational Symposium on Flow Visualisation (2006)

   Google Scholar 

10. Boukhelifa, N., Duke, D.J.: Uncertainty visualization - why might it fail? In: CHI 2009: Proceedings of the 27th International Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 4051–4056 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

11. Brecheisen, R., Platel, B., Vilanova, A., ter Haar Romeny, B.: Parameter sensitivity visualization for dti fiber tracking. IEEE TVCG 15(6), 1441–1448 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

12. Brown, R.: Animated visual vibrations as an uncertainty visualisation technique. In: GRAPHITE 2004: Proc. of the 2nd International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, pp. 84–89 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

13. Cedilnik, A., Rheingans, P.: Procedural annotation of uncertain information. In: IEEE Visualization 2000, pp. 77–84 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

14. Collins, C., Carpendale, S., Penn, G.: Visualization of uncertainty in lattices to support decision-making. In: Proceedings of Eurographics/IEEE VGTC Symposium on Visualization (EuroVis 2007), pp. 51–58 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

15. Coninx, A., Bonneau, G.P., Droulez, J., Thibault, G.: Visualization of uncertain scalar data fields using color scales and perceptually adapted noise. In: Applied Perception in Graphics and Visualization (2011)

    Google Scholar 

16. Deitrick, S., Edsall, R.: The influence of uncertainty visualization on decision making: An empirical evaluation. In: Progress in Spatial Data Handling, pp. 719–738. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

17. Deitrick, S.A.: Uncertainty visualization and decision making: Does visualizing uncertain information change decisions? In: Proceedings of the XXIII International Cartographic Conference (2007)

    Google Scholar 

18. Djurcilov, S., Kim, K., Lermusiaux, P., Pang, A.: Visualizing scalar volumetric data with uncertainty. Computers and Graphics 26, 239–248 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

19. Djurcilov, S., Kim, K., Lermusiaux, P.F.J., Pang, A.: Volume rendering data with uncertainty information. In: Data Visualization (Proceedings of the EG+IEEE VisSym), pp. 243–252 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

20. Djurcilov, S., Pang, A.: Visualizing sparse gridded data sets. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 20(5), 52–57 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

21. Dooley, D., Cohen, M.F.: Automatic illustration of 3d geometric models: Lines. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics, pp. 77–82 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

22. Ehlschlaeger, C.R., Shortridge, A.M., Goodchild, M.F.: Visualizing spatial data uncertainty using animation. Computers in GeoSciences 23(4), 387–395 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

23. Feng, D., Kwock, L., Lee, Y., Taylor II, R.M.: Matching visual saliency to confidence in plots of uncertain data. IEEE TVCG 16(6), 980–989 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

24. Fuchs, R., Hauser, H.: Visualization of multi-variate scientific data. Computer Graphics Forum 28(6), 1670–1690 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

25. Ge, Y., Li, S., Lakhan, V.C., Lucieer, A.: Exploring uncertainty in remotely sensed data with parallel coordinate plots. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 11(6), 413–422 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

26. Gerber, S., Bremer, P.T., Pascucci, V., Whitaker, R.: Visual exploration of high dimensional scalar functions. IEEE TVCG 16(6), 1271–1280 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

27. Gerharz, L., Pebesma, E., Hecking, H.: Visualizing uncertainty in spatio-temporal data. In: Spatial Accuracy 2010, pp. 169–172 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

28. Gerharz, L.E., Pebesma, E.J.: Usability of interactive and non-interactive visualisation of uncertain geospatial information. In: Reinhardt, W., Krüger, A., Ehlers, M. (eds.) Geoinformatik 2009 Konferenzband, pp. 223–230 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

29. Gershon, N.: Visualization of an imperfect world. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 18(4), 43–45 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

30. Gershon, N.D.: Visualization of fuzzy data using generalized animation. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Visualization, pp. 268–273 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

31. Grigoryan, G., Rheingans, P.: Point-based probabilistic surfaces to show surface uncertainty. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 10(5), 546–573 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

32. Haroz, S., Ma, K.L., Heitmann, K.: Multiple uncertainties in time-variant cosmological particle data. In: IEEE Pacific Visualization Symposium, pp. 207–214 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

33. Hlawatsch, M., Leube, P., Nowak, W., Weiskopf, D.: Flow radar glyphs & static visualization of unsteady flow with uncertainty. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 17(12), 1949–1958 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

34. Interrante, V.: Harnessing natural textures for multivariate visualization. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 20(6), 6–11 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

35. Jiao, F., Gur, Y., Phillips, J., Johnson, C.: Uncertainty visualization in hardi based on ensembles of odfs. To appear 2012 IEEE Pacific Visualization Symposium (PacificVis) (2012)

    Google Scholar 

36. Jiao, F., Phillips, J.M., Gur, Y., Johnson, C.R.: Uncertainty visualization in hardi based on ensembles of odfs metrics for uncertainty analysis and visualization of diffusion tensor images. In: IEEE Pacific Visualization Symposium (to appear, 2012)

    Google Scholar 

37. Jiao, F., Phillips, J.M., Stinstra, J., Krger, J., Varma, R., Hsu, E., Korenberg, J., Johnson, C.R.: Metrics for Uncertainty Analysis and Visualization of Diffusion Tensor Images. In: Liao, H., “Eddie” Edwards, P.J., Pan, X., Fan, Y., Yang, G.-Z. (eds.) MIAR 2010. LNCS, vol. 6326, pp. 179–190. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

38. Johnson, C.R.: Top scientific visualization research problems. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 24(4), 13–17 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

39. Johnson, C.R., Sanderson, A.R.: A next step: Visualizing errors and uncertainty. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 23(5), 6–10 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

40. Johnson, C., Moorhead, R., Munzner, T., Pfister, H., Rheingans, P., Yoo, T.: Nih/nsf visualization research challenges report summary. IEEE Computing in Science and Engineering, 66–73 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

41. Jones, D.K.: Determining and visualizing uncertainty in estimates of fiber orientation from diffusion tensor mri. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 49, 7–12 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

42. Jospeh, A.J., Lodha, S.K., Renteria, J.C., Pang, A.: Uisurf: Visualizing uncertainty in isosurfaces. In: Proceedings of the Computer Graphics and Imaging, pp. 184–191 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

43. Kao, D., Dungan, J.L., Pang, A.: Visualizing 2d probability distributions from eos satellite image-derived data sets: a case study. In: Proceedings Visualization, pp. 457–561 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

44. Kao, D., Kramer, M., Luo, A., Dungan, J., Pang, A.: Visualizing distributions from multi-return lidar data to understand forest structure. The Cartographic Journal 42(1), 35–47 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

45. Kao, D., Luo, A., Dungan, J.L., Pang, A.: Visualizing spatially varying distribution data. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Information Visualisation 2002, pp. 219–225 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

46. Kindlmann, G., Whitaker, R., Tasdizen, T., Moller, T.: Curvature-based transfer functions for direct volume rendering: Methods and applications. In: Proceedings of the 14th IEEE Visualization 2003 (VIS 2003), pp. 67–74 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

47. Kniss, J.M., Uitert, R.V., Stephens, A., Li, G.S., Tasdizen, T., Hansen, C.: Statistically quantitative volume visualization. In: Proceedings of IEEE Visualization 2005, pp. 287–294 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

48. Kunz, M., Hurni, L.: Hazard maps in switzerland. In: Proceedings of the 6th ICA Mountain Cartography Workshop, pp. 125–130 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

49. Lee, B., Robertson, G.G., Czerwinski, M., Parr, C.S.: Candidtree: visualizing structural uncertainty in similar hierarchies. Information Visualization 6, 233–246 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

50. Li, H., Fu, C.W., Li, Y., Hanson, A.J.: Visualizing large-scale uncertainty in astrophysical data. IEEE TVCG 13(6), 1640–1647 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

51. Lodha, S., Sheehan, B., Pang, A., Wittenbrink, C.: Visualizing geometric uncertainty of surface interpolants. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Graphics Interface 1996, pp. 238–245 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

52. Lodha, S.K., Pang, A., Sheehan, R.E., Wittenbrink, C.M.: Uflow: visualizing uncertainty in fluid flow. In: Proceedings Visualization 1996, pp. 249–254 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

53. Lodha, S.K., Wilson, C.M., Sheehan, R.E.: Listen: sounding uncertainty visualization. In: Proceedings Visualization 1996, pp. 189–195 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

54. Lucieer, A.: Visualization for exploration of uncertainty related to fuzzy classification. In: IEEE International Conference on Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS 2006, pp. 903–906 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

55. Lundström, C., Ljung, P., Persson, A., Ynnerman, A.: Uncertainty visualization in medical volume rendering using probabilistic animation. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 13(6), 1648–1655 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

56. Luo, A., Kao, D., Pang, A.: Visualizing spatial distribution data sets. In: VISSYM 2003: Proceedings of the Symposium on Data Visualisation 2003, pp. 29–38 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

57. MacEachren, A.M., Robinson, A., Hopper, S., Gardner, S., Murray, R., Gahegan, M., Hetzler, E.: Visualizing geospatial information uncertainty: What we know and what we need to know. Cartography and Geographic Information Science 32(3), 139–160 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

58. Masuch, M., Freudenberg, B., Ludowici, B., Kreiker, S., Strothotte, T.: Virtual reconstruction of medieval architecture. In: Proceedings of EUROGRAPHICS 1999, Short Papers, pp. 87–90 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

59. Masuch, M., Strothotte, T.: Visualising ancient architecture using animated line drawings. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Information Visualization, pp. 261–266 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

60. Miler, J.R., Cliburn, D.C., Feddema, J.J., Slocum, T.A.: Modeling and visualizing uncertainty in a global water balance model. In: Proceedings of the 2003 ACM Symposium on Applied Computing, pp. 972–978 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

61. Newman, T.S., Lee, W.: On visualizing uncertainty in volumetric data: techniques and their evaluation. Journal of Visual Languages and Computing 15, 463–491 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

62. Olston, C., Mackinlay, J.D.: Visualizing data with bounded uncertainty. In: Proceedings of IEEE InfoVis 2002, pp. 37–40 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

63. Osorio, R.S.A., Brodlie, K.W.: Uncertain flow visualization using lic. In: 7th EG UK Theory and Practice of Computer Graphics, pp. 1–9 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

64. Osorio, R.A., Brodlie, K.: Contouring with uncertainty. In: 6th Theory and Practice of Computer Graphics Conference, pp. 59–66 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

65. Otto, M., Germer, T., Theisel, H.: Uncertain topology of 3d vector fields. In: IEEE Pacific Visualization Symposium (PacificVis), pp. 67–74 (March 2011)

    Google Scholar 

66. Otto, M., Germer, T., Hege, H.C., Theisel, H.: Uncertain 2d vector field topology. Computer Graphics Forum 29(2), 347–356 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

67. Otto, M., Nykolaychuk, M., Germer, T., Richter, K., Theisel, H.: Evaluation of motion data with uncertain 2d vector fields. In: Poster Abstracts at Eurographics/IEEE-VGTC Symposium on Visualization, pp. 1–2 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

68. Pang, A.: Visualizing uncertainty in geo-spatial data. In: Proceedings of the Workshop on the Intersections between Geospatial Information and Information Technology (2001)

    Google Scholar 

69. Pang, A., Furman, J.: Data quality issues in visualization. In: Visual Data Exploration and Analysis, SPIE, vol. 2278, pp. 12–23 (February 1994)

    Google Scholar 

70. Pang, A., Wittenbrink, C., Lodha, S.: Approaches to uncertainty visualization. The Visual Computer 13(8), 370–390 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

71. Pauly, M., Mitra, N.J., Guibas, L.: Uncertainty and variability in point cloud surface data. In: Symposium on Point-Based Graphics, pp. 77–84 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

72. Pöthkow, K., Hege, H.C.: Positional uncertainty of isocontours: Condition analysis and probabilistic measures. IEEE TVCG PP(99), 1–15 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

73. Pöthkow, K., Weber, B., Hege, H.C.: Probabilistic marching cubes. Computer Graphics Forum 30(3), 931–940 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

74. Potter, K.: Methods for presenting statistical information: The box plot. In: Visualization of Large and Unstructured Data Sets, GI-Edition Lecture Notes in Informatics (LNI), vol. S-4, pp. 97–106 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

75. Potter, K., Gooch, A., Gooch, B., Willemsen, P., Kniss, J., Riesenfeld, R., Shirley, P.: Resolution independent npr-style 3d line textures. Computer Graphics Forum 28(1), 52–62 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

76. Potter, K., Kirby, R.M., Xiu, D., Johnson, C.R.: Interactive visualization of probability and cumulative density functions. International Journal for Uncertainty Quantification (to appear, 2012)

    Google Scholar 

77. Potter, K., Kniss, J., Riesenfeld, R., Johnson, C.R.: Visualizing summary statistics and uncertainty. Computer Graphics Forum 29(3), 823–831 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

78. Potter, K., Krüger, J., Johnson, C.: Towards the visualization of multi-dimensional stochastic distribution data. In: Proceedings of The International Conference on Computer Graphics and Visualization (IADIS 2008) (2008)

    Google Scholar 

79. Potter, K., Wilson, A., Bremer, P.T., Williams, D., Doutriaux, C., Pascucci, V., Johhson, C.R.: Ensemble-vis: A framework for the statistical visualization of ensemble data. In: IEEE Workshop on Knowledge Discovery from Climate Data: Prediction, Extremes, pp. 233–240 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

80. Rhodes, P.J., Laramee, R.S., Bergeron, R.D., Sparr, T.M.: Uncertainty visualization methods in isosurface rendering. In: EUROGRAPHICS 2003 Short Papers, pp. 83–88 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

81. Saad, A., Hamarneh, G., Möller, T.: Exploration and visualization of segmentation uncertainty using shape and appearance prior information. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 16(6), 1366–1375 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

82. Sanyal, J., Zhang, S., Bhattacharya, G., Amburn, P., Moorhead, R.J.: A user study to compare four uncertainty visualization methods for 1d and 2d datasets. IEEE TVCG 15(6), 1209–1218 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

83. Sanyal, J., Zhang, S., Dyer, J., Mercer, A., Amburn, P., Moorhead, R.J.: Noodles: A tool for visualization of numerical weather model ensemble uncertainty. IEEE TVCG 16(6), 1421–1430 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

84. Skeels, M., Lee, B., Smith, G., Robertson, G.: Revealing uncertainty for information visualization. Information Visualization 9(1), 70–81 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

85. Streit, A., Pham, B., Brown, R.: A spreadsheet approach to facilitate visualization of uncertainty in information. IEEE TVCG 14(1), 61–72 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

86. Strothotte, T., Masuch, M., Isenberg, T.: Visualizing knowledge about virtual reconstructions of ancient architecture. In: Proceedings of Computer Graphics International, pp. 36–43 (June 1999)

    Google Scholar 

87. Strothotte, T., Puhle, M., Masuch, M., Freudenberg, B., Kreiker, S., Ludowici, B.: Visualizing uncertainty in virtual reconstructions. In: Proceedings of Electronic Imaging and the Visual Arts, EVA Europe 1999, p. 16 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

88. Taylor, B.N., Kuyatt, C.E.: Guidelines for evaluating and expressing the uncertainty of nist measurement results. Tech. rep., NIST 1297 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

89. Thomson, J., Hetzler, B., MacEachren, A., Gahegan, M., Pavel, M.: A typology for visualizing uncertainty. In: Proc. of SPIE, vol. SPIE-5669, pp. 146–157 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

90. Waser, J., Fuchs, R., Ribičic̀, H., Schindler, B., Blöschl, G., Gröller, M.E.: World lines. IEEE TVCG 16(6), 1458–1467 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

91. Wittenbrink, C., Pang, A., Lodha, S.: Verity visualization: Visual mappings. Tech. rep., University of California at Santa Cruz (1995)

    Google Scholar 

92. Wittenbrink, C.M., Pang, A.T., Lodha, S.K.: Glyphs for visualizing uncertainty in vector fields. IEEE TVCG 2(3), 266–279 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

93. Wray, K.: Using the creative design process to develop illustrative rendering techniques to represent information quality. The Journal of Young Investigators 17(2) (2007)

    Google Scholar 

94. Yang, X., Wu, R., Ding, Z., Chen, W., Zhang, S.: A comparative analysis of dimension reduction techniques for representing dti fibers as 2d/3d points. In: Laidlaw, D., Bartroli, A. (eds.) New Developments in the Visualization and Processing of Tensor Fields, pp. 183–198. Springer (to appear, 2012)

    Google Scholar 

95. Zehner, B., Watanabe, N., Kolditz, O.: Visualization of gridded scalar data with uncertainty in geosciences. Computers & Geosciences 36(10), 1268–1275 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

96. Zuk, T., Carpendale, S., Glanzman, W.D.: Visualizing temporal uncertainty in 3d virtual reconstructions. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Virtual Reality, Archaeology and Cultural Heritage (VAST 2005), pp. 99–106 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

97. Zuk, T., Downton, J., Gray, D., Carpendale, S., Liang, J.: Exploration of uncertainty in bidirectional vector fields. In: Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, vol. 6809 (2008) (published online)

    Google Scholar 

Download references