Nothing Special   »   [go: up one dir, main page]
Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

Audio Rendering of Mathematical Formulae Using MathML and AudioMath

  • Conference paper
User-Centered Interaction Paradigms for Universal Access in the Information Society (UI4ALL 2004)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNCS,volume 3196))

Included in the following conference series:

Abstract

Technical, scientific or even simple documents presented online that involve mathematical expressions, issue a big problem with accessibility regarding visually impaired persons. One possible solution is to parse and interpret the mathematical contents and convert them into an audio format. This is a complex and multidisciplinary problem, which AudioMath [1], a work in progress at LPF-ESI [2], studies and aims to contribute to solve. AudioMath provides conversions from mathematical expressions in W3C’s MathML [3][4] format into plain text, something that a capable text-to-speech (TTS) engine would “understand” and read-out. This paper reviews the state of the art in publishing mathematical documents in the Internet, and introduces the AudioMath prototype and its working mechanisms, as an accessibility tool for use together with a TTS engine or to use as a standalone application, with great advantages for visual impaired persons. The main scientific and technical challenges, specifically at the levels of interpretation of the content of the MathML coded expressions and conversion into spoken form, are considered and the current status of the work is described.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. AudioMath for European Portuguese, http://lpf-esi.fe.up.pt / audiomath

  2. LPF-ESI – Laboratory for Speech Processing, Electro acoustics, Signals and Instrumentation at the Faculty of Engineering University of Porto, http://lpf-esi.fe.up.pt

  3. W3C – World Wide Web Consortium, http://www.w3c.org

  4. MathML – Mathematical Markup Language, http://www.w3.org/Math

  5. Math Typesetting for the Internet. The Math Forum, http://mathforum.org/typesetting

  6. TeX Users Group (TUG) Homepage, http://www.tug.org

  7. Latex2HTML Homepage, http://saftsack.fs.uni-bayreuth.de/~latex2ht/

  8. TeX4ht Homepage, http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/~gurari/TeX4ht/mn.html

  9. Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0, W3C, http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG10/

  10. Accessibility in PDF, http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/access_overview.html

  11. WebEQ Homepage, http://www.dessi.com/en/products/webeq/default.htm

  12. TechExplorer Homepage, http://www-3.ibm.com/software/network/techexplorer

  13. MathPlayer Homepage, http://www.dessi.com/en/products/mathplayer/

  14. Translator Tth Homepage, http://hutchinson.belmont.ma.us/tth

  15. XHTML 1.1, http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/

  16. CSS 2.0, http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-CSS2

  17. The MINSE Project, http://lfw.org/math/top.html

  18. SVG - Scalar Vector Graphics, http://www.w3c.org/Graphics/SVG/

  19. The HyperLatex Package, http://www.cs.uu.nl/~otfried/Hyperlatex

  20. Freitas, D., Ferreira, H., et al.: A prototype application for helping to teach how to read number. In: HCII 2003 Proceedings, Vol I

    Google Scholar 

  21. AMS - American Mathematical Society, http://www.ams.org

  22. The OpenMath Group, http://www.openmath.org/coccon/openmath/index.html

  23. Pierce, John.: An Introduction to Information Theory. Symbols. Signals and Noise. Dover Publications Inc, New York (1961)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Sandhu, Pavi.: The MathML Handbook. Charles River Media, Hingham (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  25. XML::Parser, http://search.cpan.org/dist/XML-Parser/Parser.pm

  26. Nemeth, A.:The MathSpeak Project, http://www.rit.edu/~easi/easisem/talkmath.htm

  27. Karshmer, Arthur. How Well Can We Read Equations to Blind Mathematic Students? In: HCII 2003 Proceedings, Vol.  4 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Raman, T.V.: Audio System For Technical Readings. Dissertation to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  29. PRAAT: Doing Phonetics by computer, http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat/

  30. Monaghan, A., Fitzpatrick, D.: Browsing Technical Documents: Document Modelling And User Interface Design. BULAG (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  31. Mark-up languages from W3C used to publishing documents in Internet

    Google Scholar 

  32. SSML - Speech Synthesis Markup Language, http://www.w3.org/TR/speech-synthesis

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. DEEC, LPF-ESI, Faculty of Engineering University of Porto, Portugal

    Helder Ferreira & Diamantino Freitas

Authors
  1. Helder Ferreira
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Diamantino Freitas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department for Business Information Systems, University of Linz, Austria

    Christian Stary

  2. Department of Computer Science, University of Crete,  

    Constantine Stephanidis

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Ferreira, H., Freitas, D. (2004). Audio Rendering of Mathematical Formulae Using MathML and AudioMath. In: Stary, C., Stephanidis, C. (eds) User-Centered Interaction Paradigms for Universal Access in the Information Society. UI4ALL 2004. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 3196. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30111-0_34

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30111-0_34

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-23375-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-30111-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation