Abstract
Water distribution networks (WDNs) are among the most important civil networks, because they deliver drinking and industrial water to metropolitan areas, supporting economic prosperity and quality of life. Therefore, they constitute critical infrastructures (CIs) as systems whose operability are of crucial importance to ensure social survival and welfare. In the last years, extreme natural events and intentional malicious attacks have shown that global safeguard of systems cannot be ever performed. In this regard, critical infrastructure protection (CIP) strategies should be focused both on the prevention of these events and on the procedures for the functioning recovery and damage limitation. In this paper, starting from previous works of the authors, the impact of an intentional contamination attack to water distribution network and a possible strategy to mitigate the user risk have been studied, simulating the introduction of potassium cyanide with a backflow attack into water system. As protection technique, the water network partitioning (WNP) has been adopted in order to improve the management and also to reduce the extent of damage showing a dual use-value. WNP reveals to be an efficient way to protect water networks from malicious contamination, through the closure of gate valves by a remote control system creating semi-independent District Meter Areas (DMAs). The study also investigates the possibility to identify a priori the most critical point of a water distribution network for the malicious attack through a novel procedure based on topological metric. The methodology, tested on a real medium size water network in Italy, shows very interesting results in terms of mitigation risk.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bashan, A., Berezin, Y., Buldyrev, S.V., Havlin, S.: The extreme vulnerability of interdependent spatially embedded networks. Nat. Phys. 9(10), 667–672 (2013)
Edwards, M.: Critical Infrastructure Protection. IOS Press, Amsterdam (2014)
Eusgeld, I., Kroger, W., Sansavini, G., Schlapfer, M., Zio, E.: The role of network theory and object-oriented modeling within a framework for the vulnerability analysis of critical infrastructures. Reliab. Syst. Saf. 94(5), 954–963 (2009)
Di Nardo, A., Di Natale, M., Giudicianni, C., Greco, R., Santonastaso, G.F.: Water supply network partitioning based on weighted spectral clustering. In: Cherifi, H., Gaito, S., Quattrociocchi, W., Sala, A. (eds.) Complex Networks & Their Applications V. SCI, vol. 693. Springer, Cham (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50901-3_63
Facchini, A., et al.: Complexity science for sustainable smart water grids. In: Rossi, F., Piotto, S., Concilio, S. (eds.) WIVACE 2016. CCIS, vol. 708, pp. 26–41. Springer, Cham (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57711-1_3
Boccaletti, S., Latora, V., Moreno, Y., Chavez, M., Hwang, D.U.: Complex networks: structure and dynamics. Phys. Rep. 424, 175–308 (2006)
Di Nardo, A., Di Natale, M., Giudicianni, C., Greco, R., Santonastaso, G.F.: Complex network and fractal theory for the assessment of water distribution network resilience to pipe failures. Water Sci. Technol.: Water Supply (2017). https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.124
Carvalho, R., Buzna, L., Bono, F., Gutierrez, E., Just, W., Arrowsmith, D.: Robustness of trans-European gas networks. Phys. Rev. E 80, 016106 (2009)
Newman, M.E.J.: The structure and function of networks. SIAM Rev. 45, 167–256 (2003)
US EPA 2009: National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA 816-F-09-004
Nilsson, K.A., Buchberger, S.G., Clark, R.M.: Simulating exposures to deliberate intrusions into water distribution systems. J. Water Resour. Plann. Manag. 131(3), 228–236 (2005)
Clark, R.M., Chandrasekaran, L., Buchberger, S.B.: Modeling the propagation of waterborne disease in water distribution systems: results from a case study. In: 8th WSDA Symposium, Cincinnati, OH (2006)
Di Nardo, A., Di Natale, M., Musmarra, D., Santonastaso, G.F., Tzatchkov, V., Alcocer-Yamanaka, V.H.: Dual-use value of network partitioning for water system management and protection from malicious contamination. J. Hydroinform. 17, 361–376 (2015)
Kroll, D.: Protecting world water supplies against backflow attacks. Water Wastewater Int. 25(2), 4 (2010)
US EPA 2003: Response Protocol Toolbox: Planning for and Responding to Drinking Water Contamination Threats and Incidents
Hall, J., et al.: On-line water quality parameters as indicators of distribution system contamination. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 99(1), 66–67 (2007)
Ostfeld, A.: The battle of water sensor networks (BWSN): a design challenge for engineers and algorithms. J. Water Resour. Plann. Manag. 134(6), 556–568 (2008)
Kroll, D., King, K.: Methods for evaluating water distribution network early warning systems. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 102(1), 79–89 (2010)
Grayman, W.M., Murray, R., Savic, D.A.: Effects of redesign of water systems for security and water quality actors. In: Starrett, S. (ed.) Proceedings of the World Environmental and Water Resources Congress, Kansas City (2009)
WRC/WSA/WCA: Engineering and Operations Committee. Managing Leakage: UK Water Industry Managing Leakage. Rep. A-J. WRC/WSA/WCA, London (1994)
Di Nardo, A., Di Natale, M.: A heuristic design support methodology based on graph theory for district metering of water supply networks. Eng. Optim. 43(2), 193–211 (2011)
Perelman, L.S., Allen, M., Preis, A., Iqbal, M., Whittle, A.J.: Automated sub-zoning of water distribution systems. Environ. Model Softw. 65, 1–14 (2015)
Fiedler, M.: Algebraic connectivity of graphs. Czech. Math. J. 23, 298 (1973)
Shi, J., Malik, J.: Normalized cuts and image segmentation. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 22, 888–905 (2000)
Di Nardo, A., Di Natale, M., Guida, M., Musmarra, D.: Water network protection from intentional contamination by sectorization. Water Resour. Manag. 27(6), 1837–1850 (2013)
Bonacich, P.: A technique for analyzing overlapping membership. In Costner, H. (ed.) Sociological Methodology, pp. 176–185. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco (1972)
Rossman, L.A.: EPANET2 Users Manual. US EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio (2000)
Di Nardo, A., Di Natale, M., Santonastaso, G.F., Venticinque, S.: An automated tool for smart water network partitioning. Water Resour. Manag. 27(13), 4493–4508 (2013)
Von Luxburg, U.: A tutorial on spectral clustering. Stat. Comput. 17, 395–416 (2007)
Di Nardo, A., Di Natale, M., Giudicianni, C., Santonastaso, G.F., Tzatchkov, V., Varela, J.M.R., Yamanaka, V.H.A.: Water supply network partitioning based on simultaneous cost and energy optimization. Procedia Eng. 162, 238–245 (2016)
Todini, E.: Looped water distribution networks design using a resilience index based heuristic approach. Urban Water 2(2), 115–122 (2000)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Chianese, S., Di Nardo, A., Di Natale, M., Giudicianni, C., Musmarra, D., Santonastaso, G.F. (2018). DMA Optimal Layout for Protection of Water Distribution Networks from Malicious Attack. In: D'Agostino, G., Scala, A. (eds) Critical Information Infrastructures Security. CRITIS 2017. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 10707. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99843-5_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99843-5_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-99842-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-99843-5
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)