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The Origin of Dance: Evolutionary Significance on Ritualized Movements of Animals

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Dance Notations and Robot Motion

Part of the book series: Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics ((STAR,volume 111))

Abstract

Dance is not a human-specific behavior. It is well known that some non-human animals perform “dances” for various purposes, some of which are related to food acquisition and courtship. According to the traditional Darwin’s evolutionary paradigm, our genetic information is subject to natural selections, or more boldly speaking, a principle of “survival of the fittest.” In these contexts, dance or ritualized movements performed by animals should have clear evolutionary traits. For example, some birds perform ritual dances to draw attentions of the opposite sex to mate with. Under competitive circumstances, the “dance” should play a critical role for individuals to propagate their own genetic information in the population. However, recent studies also suggest that human has genes associated with creative dance performances, which are not directly relevant to the Darwinian selection. I will briefly describe behavioral characteristics of non-human “choreographed dances” and discuss their evolutionary significance, as well as similarity and difference between the non-human and human neurobehavioral characteristics.

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Acknowledgements

I would like to express my great appreciation to Professor Yoshihiko Nakamura of University of Tokyo. He introduced me the fascinating world of robotics, which was totally unknown to me. Professor Naruya Saitou of National Institute of Genetics, who is my PhD mentor, gave me insightful suggestions. This work is supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research—KAKENHI (26280110, 30391890, 30391890, and 17650122) from MEXT, Japan.

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  1. RIKEN Bioresource Center, Tsukuba, Japan

    Satoshi Oota

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  1. Satoshi Oota
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Correspondence to Satoshi Oota .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. LAAS-CNRS, Toulouse Cedex 4, France

    Jean-Paul Laumond

  2. LAAS-CNRS, Toulouse Cedex 4, France

    Naoko Abe

Glossary

Allele frequency

Individuals in a population can have a variation of genes in each genomic location (locus). Each of the variation is called allele. An allele frequency is literally a proportion of the allele in the locus, among all the allele copies being considered.

Anatomically modern human

It is equivalent to an individual member of the modern human in terms of paleoanthropology. Considering a possibility of the introgression between the modern human and Homo subspecies, this term is intentionally used: i.e., anatomically modern human may not be genetically modern human in terms of phylogeny.

Basal ganglia

A region of brain involved in voluntary motor functions, procedural learning, eye movements, cognition, and emotion, which are all important for dance.

Central pattern generator (CPG)

A (biological) neural network that generates rhythmic neural patterns as outputs without sensory feedback.

Coding region

A genomic region that directly encodes amino acid sequences.

Darwinian selection

In our context, Darwinian selection is virtually equivalent to the positive Darwinian selection (or directional selection): i.e., this is a mode of natural selection that favors an extreme phenotype, leading to a rapid shifting of the allele frequencies towards increment. This implies that the selected alleles have certain benefits to the individuals over the others. In the molecular evolution, the Darwinian positive selection is thought to be quite rare.

Effective population size

The number of individuals in a population that contribute to the number of offspring in the next generation, which is usually smaller than the observed population size.

Epistasis

A genetic concept that an effect of one gene depends on the presence of one or more modifier genes, especially in a non-additive way. The modifier genes are often called “genetic background.”

Exogenous

An adjective form of exogeny, which is phenomenon or an object originating externally: in biology, this often refers to DNA introduced to cells by transfection or vial infection.

Endogenous

An adjective form of endogeny, which is an antonym of exogeny.

Fitness

An individual’s ability to propagate its genes in a population.

Genotype

Discrete representation of a genetic trait of an individual, which is one of inherited determinants of a phenotype. The other determinants are typically epigenetic factors and non-inherited environmental factors.

Haplotype

A collection of specific alleles in a cluster of tightly-linked genes on a chromosome. A set of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) is also called haplotype.

Intron

Intermittent nucleotide sequences patched between exons in a coding sequence, which are removed by RNA splicing and do not contribute to encode proteins.

Microsatellite

A tandem repeat of di-, tri-, or tetra-nucleotide units in genomic regions. The number of the repeats can easily vary during short-term evolution, leading to large polymorphism. So we can use the repeat number of a micorsatellite to identify a kinship.

Next generation sequencer

Any high throughput sequencers capable of producing a huge amount of sequence data, by which we can exhaustively decode genetic information far quicker than by traditional methods.

Non-coding region

An antonym of the coding region: i.e., DNAs that do not encode protein sequences. Some noncoding DNAs are transcribed to functional non-coding RNA sequences.

Phenotype

Any characteristic traits (morphology, development, physiology, and behavior) of biological systems, which are determined by corresponding genotypes.

Polymorphic data

Data representing polymorphism, which is a genetic or phenotypic variation in a population that shares a gene pool.

Phylogenetic tree

A graphical representation of evolutionary processes by using a tree structure. Relationships of every extant and extinct organism can be represented with a single phylogenetic tree.

Population genetics

Genetics that studies a process of allele frequency changes in a population rather than a individual-level phenomenon: i.e., natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, and gene flow.

Regulatory element

A genetic component that regulates an expression of a gene or genes.

Retroviral sequence

Endogeneous viral elements in the genome, which are highly homologous to known retroviruses. Surprisingly, they occupy 8 % of the human genome.

Selective sweep

Reduction of variation in nucleotide sequences around a mutation that is subject to recent and strong positive selection.

Verbal dyspraxia

A speech disorder, in which a person has difficulty in saying what she/he tries to express. Dyspraxia is motor function disability caused by an abnormality in the nervous system.

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Oota, S. (2016). The Origin of Dance: Evolutionary Significance on Ritualized Movements of Animals. In: Laumond, JP., Abe, N. (eds) Dance Notations and Robot Motion. Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics, vol 111. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25739-6_15

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25739-6_15

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