Exploring the Magnitude of Human Sexual Dimorphism in 3D Face Gender Classification

1. Hall, M.A.: Correlation-based feature subset selection for machine learning. Ph.D thesis, Department of Computer Science, University of Waikato (1999)

   Google Scholar 

2. Ballihi, L., Ben Amor, B., Daoudi, M., Srivastava, A., Aboutajdine, D.: Boosting 3D-geometric features for efficient face recognition and gender classification. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security 7, 1766–1779 (2012)

   Article  Google Scholar 

3. Baudouin, J.Y., Gallay, M.: Is face distinctiveness gender based? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 32(4), 789 (2006)

   Google Scholar 

4. Ben Amor, B., Drira, H., Berretti, S., Daoudi, M., Srivastava, A.: 4d facial expression recognition by learning geometric deformations. IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics, February 2014

   Google Scholar 

5. Breiman, L.: Random forests. Mach. Learn. 45, 5–32 (2001)

   Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

6. Bruce, V., Burton, A.M., Hanna, E., Healey, P., Mason, O., Coombes, A., Fright, R., Linney, A.: Sex discrimination: How do we tell the difference between male and female faces? Perception. 22(2), 131–152 (1993)

   Article  Google Scholar 

7. Drira, H., Ben Amor, B., Srivastava, A., Daoudi, M., Slama, R.: 3d face recognition under expressions, occlusions, and pose variations. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. 35, 2270–2283 (2013)

   Article  Google Scholar 

8. Drira, H., Ben Amor, B., Daoudi, M., Srivastava, A., Berretti, S.: 3d dynamic expression recognition based on a novel deformation vector field and random forest. In: 2012 21st International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR), pp. 1104–1107. IEEE (2012)

   Google Scholar 

9. Du, L., Zhuang, Z., Guan, H., Xing, J., Tang, X., Wang, L., Wang, Z., Wang, H., Liu, Y., Su, W., et al.: Head-and-face anthropometric survey of chinese workers. Annals of occupational hygiene 52(8), 773–782 (2008)

   Article  Google Scholar 

10. Geng, X., Zhou, Z.H., Smith-Miles, K.: Automatic age estimation based on facial aging patterns. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 29, 2234–2240 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

11. Gilani, S.Z., Shafait, F., Ajmal, M.: Biologically significant facial landmarks: how significant are they for gender classification?. In: DICTA, pp. 1–8 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

12. Guillaume, V., Harold, H., Eric, V.B.: Linking the structure and perception of 3d faces: gender, ethnicity, and expressive posture. In: International Conference on Audio-Visual Speech Processing (AVSP) (2003)

    Google Scholar 

13. Han, X., Ugail, H., Palmer, I.: Gender classification based on 3D face geometry features using svm. In: CyberWorlds, pp. 114–118 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

14. Hill, H., Bruce, V., Akamatsu, S.: Perceiving the sex and race of faces: the role of shape and colour. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences 261(1362), 367–373 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

15. Hu, Y., Yan, J., Shi, P.: A fusion-based method for 3D facial gender classification. Computer and Automation Engineering (ICCAE) 5, 369–372 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

16. Hu, Y., Fu, Y., Tariq, U., Huang, T.S.: Subjective experiments on gender and ethnicity recognition from different face representations. In: Boll, S., Tian, Q., Zhang, L., Zhang, Z., Chen, Y.-P.P. (eds.) MMM 2010. LNCS, vol. 5916, pp. 66–75. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

17. Huang, D., Ding, H., Wang, C., Wang, Y., Zhang, G., Chen, L.: Local circular patterns for multi-modal facial gender and ethnicity classification. Image and Vision Computing (0) (2014)

    Google Scholar 

18. Hunter, W.S., Garn, S.M.: Disproportionate sexual dimorphism in the human face. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 36(1), 133–138 (1972)

    Article  Google Scholar 

19. Huynh, T., Min, R., Dugelay, J.: An efficient lbp-based descriptor for facial depth images applied to gender recognition using rgb-d face data. In: ACCV 2012, Workshop on Computer Vision with Local Binary Pattern Variants (2012)

    Google Scholar 

20. Jones, B.C., DeBruine, L.M., Little, A.C.: The role of symmetry in attraction to average faces. Perception & Psychophysics 69(8), 1273–1277 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

21. Kohavi, R.: Wrappers for performance enhancement and oblivious decision graphs. Ph.D thesis, Stanford University (1995)

    Google Scholar 

22. Komori, M., Kawamura, S., Ishihara, S.: Effect of averageness and sexual dimorphism on the judgment of facial attractiveness. Vision Research 49(8), 862–869 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

23. Little, A., Jones, B., Waitt, C., Tiddeman, B., Feinberg, D., Perrett, D., Apicella, C., Marlowe, F.: Symmetry is related to sexual dimorphism in faces: data across culture and species. PLoS One 3(5), e2106 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

24. Little, A.C., Jones, B.C., DeBruine, L.M., Feinberg, D.R.: Symmetry and sexual dimorphism in human faces: interrelated preferences suggest both signal quality. Behavioral Ecology 19(4), 902–908 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

25. Liu, Y., Palmer, J.: A quantified study of facial asymmetry in 3D faces. In: Analysis and Modeling of Faces and Gestures, pp. 222–229 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

26. Lu, X., Chen, H., Jain, A.K.: Multimodal facial gender and ethnicity identification. In: International Conference on Advances in Biometrics, pp. 554–561 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

27. Phillips, P., Flynn, P., Scruggs, T., Bowyer, K., Chang, J., Hoffman, K., Marques, J., Min, J., Worek, W.: Overview of the face recognition grand challenge. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 1, 947–954 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

28. Rhodes, G., Zebrowitz, L.A., Clark, A., Kalick, S.M., Hightower, A., McKay, R.: Do facial averageness and symmetry signal health? Evolution and Human Behavior 22(1), 31–46 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

29. Shuler, J.T.: Facial sexual dimorphism and judgments of personality: a literature review. Issues 6(1) (2012)

    Google Scholar 

30. Smith, F.G., Jones, B.C., DeBruine, L.M., Little, A.C.: Interactions between masculinity-femininity and apparent health in face preferences. Behavioral Ecology 20(2), 441–445 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

31. Srivastava, A., Klassen, E., Joshi, S., Jermyn, I.: Shape analysis of elastic curves in euclidean spaces. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 33, 1415–1428 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

32. Steven, W., Randy, T.: Facial masculinity and fluctuating asymmetry. Evolution and Human Behavior 24(4), 231–241 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

33. Toderici, G., O’Malley, S., Passalis, G., Theoharis, T., Kakadiaris, I.: Ethnicity- and gender-based subject retrieval using 3-D face-recognition techniques. International Journal of Computer Vision 89, 382–391 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

34. Wang, X., Kambhamettu, C.: Gender classification of depth images based on shape and texture analysis. In: Global Conference on Signal and Information Processing (GlobalSIP), pp. 1077–1080. IEEE (2013)

    Google Scholar 

35. Wu, J., Smith, W., Hancock, E.: Gender classification using shape from shading. In: International Conference on Image Analysis and Recognition, pp. 499–508 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

36. www.virtualffs.co.uk

37. Xia, B., Ben Amor, B., Drira, H., Daoudi, M., Ballihi, L.: Gender and 3D facial symmetry: what’s the relationship?. In: IEEE Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (2013)

    Google Scholar 

38. Xia, B., Ben Amor, B., Huang, D., Daoudi, M., Wang, Y., Drira, H.: Enhancing gender classification by combining 3d and 2d face modalities. In: European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO) (2013)

    Google Scholar 

39. Young, J.: Head and face anthropometry of adult us civilians (1993)

    Google Scholar 

40. Zhuang, Z., Bradtmiller, B.: Head and face anthropometric survey of us respirator users. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2(11), 567–576 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

41. Zhuang, Z., Landsittel, D., Benson, S., Roberge, R., Shaffer, R.: Facial anthropometric differences among gender, ethnicity, and age groups 54(4), 391–402 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

Download references