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A Review on Privacy and Monetization Aspects Within BCI and XR-BCI Ecosystems

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Business Modeling and Software Design (BMSD 2024)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing ((LNBIP,volume 523))

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Abstract

The use of BCI and XR-BCI devices is yet to become more widespread among the general population. These devices could pose a significant risk to the users’ privacy, as they enable the revelation of users’ emotions, beliefs, and other potentially highly sensitive details. When this information is obtained, it is possible to both invade users’ privacy as never before as well as monetize data very precisely through neuromarketing.

This work presents a review of the privacy and monetization of BCI and XR-BCI. It was discovered that many companies collect a considerable amount of data without knowing or revealing the actual purpose of the collection. This data includes sensitive information about health. One of the future risks is that emotions and generic raw brain-wave data are leaked to advertisers through neuromarketing, which is considered a valuable asset for advertisers, e.g., to reveal a person’s willingness to buy something. We urge the need to evaluate the current privacy policies and terms of service of BCIs and XR-BCIs against existing frameworks such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).

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Acknowledgment

(Part of) This work was supported by the European Commission under the Horizon Europe Programme, as part of the project LAZARUS (https://lazarus-he.eu/) (Grant Agreement no. 101070303). The content of this article does not reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Responsibility for the information and views expressed therein lies entirely with the authors. (Part of this work was) Funded by the European Union (Grant Agreement Nr. 101120962, RESCALE Project). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the Health and Digital Executive Agency. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. (Part of) This project was also supported by TED2021-132900A-I00 from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, and Guillermo Suarez-Tangil has been appointed as 2019 Ramon y Cajal fellow (RYC-2020-029401-I) both funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 — with funds from the EU NextGenerationEU/PRTR and ESF Investing in your future respectively.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Binare.io, Jyväskylä, Finland

    Tuomo Lahtinen, Andrei Costin & Narges Yousefnezhad

  2. University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland

    Tuomo Lahtinen & Andrei Costin

  3. IMDEA Network Institute, Leganés, Spain

    Guillermo Suarez-Tangil

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  1. Tuomo Lahtinen
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  4. Narges Yousefnezhad
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Correspondence to Tuomo Lahtinen .

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  1. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, University of Library Studies and Information Technologies, Sofia, Bulgaria

    Boris Shishkov

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Lahtinen, T., Costin, A., Suarez-Tangil, G., Yousefnezhad, N. (2024). A Review on Privacy and Monetization Aspects Within BCI and XR-BCI Ecosystems. In: Shishkov, B. (eds) Business Modeling and Software Design. BMSD 2024. Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, vol 523. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-64073-5_11

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-64073-5_11

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-64072-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-64073-5

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