Nothing Special   »   [go: up one dir, main page]

Skip to main content

Observing Strategies of Drawing Data Representations

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Diagrammatic Representation and Inference (Diagrams 2021)

Abstract

New methods for the assessment of drawing strategies are examined that focus on the analysis of perceptual chunking. The methods are demonstrated with four diverse participants as they copied a line-graph and a bar-chart. Video recordings of the transcriptions were analysed stroke by stroke. Diverse global drawing strategies were used for the line graph whereas all four participants used a similar approach on the bar-chart, but with local differences. Performance fluency varied substantially, particularly in stimuli viewing frequency. Differences in behaviours can be explained in terms of how they perceptually chunked the stimuli. Sample GOMS models were constructed in order to verify that chunking explains the drawing strategies. The potential of using drawing transcription tasks to assess users’ competence with graphs and charts is discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Albehaijan, N., Cheng, P.C.-H.: Measuring programming competence by assessing chunk structures in a code transcription task. In: Goel, A., Seifert, C., Freksa, C. (eds.) Proceedings of the 41st Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, pp. 76–82. Cognitive Science Society, Austin, TX (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett, F.C.: Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology, p. 329. Cambridge University of Press, Cambridge (1932)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cañas, J.J., Fajardo, I., Salmeron, L.: Cognitive flexibility. In: Karwowski, W. (ed.) International encyclopedia of ergonomics and human factors, 2nd edn., pp. 297–301. CRC Press, Boca Raton (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  • Card, S., Moran, T.P., Newell, A.: The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, P.C.H., Lowe, R.K., Scaife, M.: Cognitive science approaches to understanding diagrammatic representations. Artif. Intell. Rev. 15(1–2), 79–94 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, P.C.-H.: Copying equations to assess mathematical competence: an evaluation of pause measures using graphical protocol analysis. In: Bello, P., Guarini, M., McShane, M., Scassellati, B. (eds.) Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, pp. 319–324. Cognitive Science Society, Austin, TX (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, P., Rojas-Anaya, H.: Measuring mathematic formula writing competence: an application of graphical protocol analysis. In: Proceedings of the Thirtieth Annual Conference of the Cognitive science Society (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, P., McFadzean, J., Copeland, L.: Drawing out the temporal signature of induced perceptual chunks. In: Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, pp. 200–205 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox, R., Grawemeyer, B.: The mental organisation of external representations. Proc. Eurocogsci 03, 91–96 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • Estes, S.: Introduction to simple workload models using cogulator (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  • Freedman, E.G., Shah, P.: Toward a model of knowledge-based graph comprehension. In: Hegarty, M., Meyer, B., Narayanan, N.H. (eds.) Diagrams 2002. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 2317, pp. 18–30. Springer, Heidelberg (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-46037-3_3

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Freedman, E.G., Shah, P.S.: Individual differences in domain knowledge, graph reading skills, and explanatory skills during graph comprehension. Paper presented at the 42nd annual meeting of the psychonomic society, Orlando, FL, November, 2001

    Google Scholar 

  • Gobet, F.: Chunking models of expertise: implications for education. Appl. Cogn. Psychol. 19, 183–204 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gobet, F., Simon, H.A.: Templates in chess memory: a mechanism for recalling several boards. Cogn. Psychol. 31, 1–40 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gobet, F., et al.: Chunking mechanisms in human learning. Trends Cogn. Sci. (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01662-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gray, W.D., Boehm-Davis, D.A.: Milliseconds matter: an introduction to microstrategies and to their use in describing and predicting interactive behavior. J. Exp. Psychol. Appl. 6(4), 322–335 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hegarty, M.: Multimedia learning about physical systems. In: Mayer, R.E. (ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning, pp. 447–465. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • Holding, D.H.: The Psychology of Chess Skill. Erlbaum, Hillsdale (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  • Jamnik, M., Cheng, P.C.-H.: Endowing machines with the expert human ability to select representations: why and how. In: Muggleton, S., Chater, N. (eds.) Human-Like Machine Intelligence. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  • John, B.E., Kieras, D.E.: The GOMS family of user interface analysis techniques. ACM Trans. Comput. Hum. Interact. 3(4), 320–351 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • John, B.E., Newell, A.: Cumulating the science of HCI: from S-R compatibility to transcription typing. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, May, pp. 109–114 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1145/67449.67472

  • Kintsch, W.: The role of knowledge in discourse comprehension. A construction- integration model. Psychol. Rev. 95, 163–182 (1988)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kriz, S., Hegarty, M.: Top-down and bottom-up influences on learning from animations. Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud. 65, 911–930 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, A.: Exploring user effort involved in using history tools through MHP/GOMS: results and experiences. In: Nordby, K., Helmersen, P., Gilmore, D.J., Arnesen, S.A. (eds.) Human—Computer Interaction. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. Springer, Boston (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-5041-2896-4_18

  • Lezak, M.D.: The problem of assessing executive functions. Int. J. Psychol. 17, 281–297 (1982)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, G.A.: The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychol. Rev. 63(2), 81–97 (1956)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miyake, A., Friedman, N.P., Emerson, M.J., Witzki, A.H., Howerter, A., Wager, T.D.: The Unity and Diversity of Executive Functions and Their Contributions to Complex “Frontal Lobe” Tasks: A Latent Variable Analysis. Cognitive Psychol. 41(1), 49–100 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1006/cogp.1999.0734

  • Miyake, A., Friedman, N.P.: The nature and organization of individual differences in executive functions: four general conclusions. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 21(1), 8–14 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411429458

  • Obaidellah, U.H., Cheng, P.C.H.: The role of chunking in drawing Rey complex figure. Percept. Mot. Skills 120(2), 535–555 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Panesi, S., Morra, S.: Drawing a dog: The role of working memory and executive function. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 152, 1–11 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2016.06.015

  • Peebles, D., Cheng, P.C.H.: Modeling the effect of task and graphical representation on response latency in a graph reading task. Hum. Factors 45(1), 28–46 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roller, R., Cheng, P.C.-H.: Observed strategies in the freehand drawing of complex hierarchical diagrams. In: Bello, P., Guarini, M., McShane, M., Scassellati, B. (eds.) Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, pp. 2020–2025. Cognitive Science Society, Austin, TX (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  • Shah, P., Carpenter, P.A.: Conceptual limitations in comprehending line graphs. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 124(1), 43–61 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shah, P., Mayer, R.E., Hegarty, M.: Graphs as aids to knowledge construction: signaling techniques for guiding the process of graph comprehension. J. Educ. Psychol. 91(4), 690–702 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sloetjes, H., Wittenburg, P.: Annotation by category - ELAN and ISO DCR. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2008) (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, J.J., McColeman, C.M., Stepanova, E.R., Blair, M.R.: Using video game telemetry data to research motor chunking, action latencies, and complex cognitive-motor skill learning. Top. Cogn. Sci. 9(2), 467–484 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1111/tops.12254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Sommers, P.: Drawing and Cognition: Descriptive and Experimental Studies of Graphic Production Processes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1984)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, P., Carberry, S., Elzer, S., Chester, D.: Recognizing the intended message of line graphs. In: Goel, A.K., Jamnik, M., Narayanan, N.H. (eds.) Diagrams 2010. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 6170, pp. 220–234. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14600-8_21

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Xi, X.: Do visual chunks and planning impact performance on the graph description task in the SPEAK exam? Lang. Test. 22(4), 463–508 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank Gem Stapleton for her comments and suggestions for this paper. This work was supported by the EPSRC grants EP/R030650/1, EP/T019603/1, EP/R030642/1, and EP/T019034/1.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Fiorenzo Colarusso , Peter C.-H. Cheng , Grecia Garcia Garcia , Daniel Raggi or Mateja Jamnik .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Colarusso, F., Cheng, P.CH., Garcia Garcia, G., Raggi, D., Jamnik, M. (2021). Observing Strategies of Drawing Data Representations. In: Basu, A., Stapleton, G., Linker, S., Legg, C., Manalo, E., Viana, P. (eds) Diagrammatic Representation and Inference. Diagrams 2021. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12909. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86062-2_55

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86062-2_55

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-86061-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-86062-2

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics