Abstract
Conformance checking is concerned with the task of assessing the quality of process models describing actual behavior captured in an event log across different dimensions. In this paper, a novel approach for obtaining the degree of recall and precision between a process model and event log is introduced. The approach relies on the generation of a so-called “antilog”, randomly constructed from the activity vocabulary, on one hand, and a simulated “model log”, which is played-out from the given model. In the case of recall the antilog and model log are used to train a recurrent neural network classifier. This network allows for calculating the probability of a trace being part of the model log or the antilog. If thereupon the event log is fed to the neural network, a value for recall can be obtained. In the case of precision the neural network is trained using a given event log and the antilog, and the model log is fed to it afterwards. We show that this new method can be used to measure global recall and precision correctly in some common examples.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
- 1.
- 2.
The implementation of the technique, tests and the synthetic data used can be found on https://github.com/jaripeeperkorn/Supervised-Conformance-Checking-using-Recurrent-Neural-Network-Classifiers.
References
van der Aalst, W., Adriansyah, A., van Dongen, B.: Replaying history on process models for conformance checking and performance analysis. WIREs Data Min. Knowl. Discov. 2(2), 182–192 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/widm.1045
Adriansyah, A., Munoz-Gama, J., Carmona, J., van Dongen, B.F., van der Aalst, W.M.P.: Alignment based precision checking. In: La Rosa, M., Soffer, P. (eds.) BPM 2012. LNBIP, vol. 132, pp. 137–149. Springer, Heidelberg (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36285-9_15
Augusto, A., Conforti, R., Armas-Cervantes, A., Dumas, M., La Rosa, M.: Measuring fitness and precision of automatically discovered process models: a principled and scalable approach. IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng. PP, 1 (2020)
Berti, A., van Zelst, S.J., van der Aalst, W.: Process mining for python (PM4Py): bridging the gap between process-and data science. In: Proceedings of the ICPM Demo Track 2019, co-located with 1st International Conference on Process Mining (ICPM 2019), Aachen, Germany, 24–26 June 2019, pp. 13–16 (2019)
Cho, K., van Merrienboer, B., Gülçehre, Ç., Bougares, F., Schwenk, H., Bengio, Y.: Learning phrase representations using RNN encoder-decoder for statistical machine translation. CoRR abs/1406.1078 (2014)
Cook, J.E., Wolf, A.L.: Software process validation: Quantitatively measuring the correspondence of a process to a model. ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol. 8(2), 147–176 (1999)
De Koninck, P., vanden Broucke, S., De Weerdt, J.: act2vec, trace2vec, log2vec, and model2vec: representation learning for business processes. In: Weske, M., Montali, M., Weber, I., vom Brocke, J. (eds.) BPM 2018. LNCS, vol. 11080, pp. 305–321. Springer, Cham (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98648-7_18
De Weerdt, J., De Backer, M., Vanthienen, J., Baesens, B.: A robust F-measure for evaluating discovered process models. In: IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence, pp. 148–155 (2011)
van Dongen, B.F., Carmona, J., Chatain, T.: A unified approach for measuring precision and generalization based on anti-alignments. In: La Rosa, M., Loos, P., Pastor, O. (eds.) BPM 2016. LNCS, vol. 9850, pp. 39–56. Springer, Cham (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45348-4_3
van Dongen, B.F., de Medeiros, A.K.A., Verbeek, H.M.W., Weijters, A.J.M.M., van der Aalst, W.M.P.: The ProM framework: a new era in process mining tool support. In: Ciardo, G., Darondeau, P. (eds.) ICATPN 2005. LNCS, vol. 3536, pp. 444–454. Springer, Heidelberg (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/11494744_25
Evermann, J., Rehse, J.R., Fettke, P.: Predicting process behaviour using deep learning. Decis. Support Syst. 100, 129–140 (2017)
Friedland, L., Gentzel, A., Jensen, D.: Classifier-adjusted density estimation for anomaly detection and one-class classification. In: SDM, pp. 578–586, April 2014. https://doi.org/10.1137/1.9781611973440.67
Goedertier, S., Martens, D., Vanthienen, J., Baesens, B.: Robust process discovery with artificial negative events. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 10, 1305–1340 (2009)
Greco, G., Guzzo, A., Pontieri, L., Sacca, D.: Discovering expressive process models by clustering log traces. IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng. 18(8), 1010–1027 (2006)
Hochreiter, S., Schmidhuber, J.: Long short-term memory. Neural Comput. 9(8), 1735–1780 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1162/neco.1997.9.8.1735
Leemans, S.J.J., Fahland, D., van der Aalst, W.M.P.: Scalable process discovery and conformance checking. Softw. Syste. Model. 17(2), 599–631 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10270-016-0545-x
Leemans, S.J.J., Fahland, D., van der Aalst, W.M.P.: Discovering block-structured process models from incomplete event logs. In: Ciardo, G., Kindler, E. (eds.) PETRI NETS 2014. LNCS, vol. 8489, pp. 91–110. Springer, Cham (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07734-5_6
Mikolov, T., Chen, K., Corrado, G., Dean, J.: Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space. In: 1st International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2013 (2013)
Muñoz-Gama, J., Carmona, J.: A fresh look at precision in process conformance. In: Hull, R., Mendling, J., Tai, S. (eds.) BPM 2010. LNCS, vol. 6336, pp. 211–226. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15618-2_16
Muñoz-Gama, J., Carmona, J.: A fresh look at precision in process conformance. In: Hull, R., Mendling, J., Tai, S. (eds.) BPM 2010. LNCS, vol. 6336, pp. 211–226. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15618-2_16
Syring, A.F., Tax, N., van der Aalst, W.M.P.: Evaluating conformance measures in process mining using conformance propositions. In: Koutny, M., Pomello, L., Kristensen, L.M. (eds.) Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XIV. LNCS, vol. 11790, pp. 192–221. Springer, Heidelberg (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-60651-3_8
Tax, N., Verenich, I., La Rosa, M., Dumas, M.: Predictive business process monitoring with LSTM neural networks. In: Dubois, E., Pohl, K. (eds.) CAiSE 2017. LNCS, vol. 10253, pp. 477–492. Springer, Cham (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59536-8_30
Taymouri, F., Rosa, M.L., Erfani, S., Bozorgi, Z.D., Verenich, I.: Predictive business process monitoring via generative adversarial nets: the case of next event prediction. In: Fahland, D., Ghidini, C., Becker, J., Dumas, M. (eds.) BPM 2020. LNCS, vol. 12168, pp. 237–256. Springer, Cham (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58666-9_14
Tieleman, T., Hinton, G.: Lecture 6.5–RmsProp: divide the gradient by a running average of its recent magnitude. COURSERA Neural Netw. Mach. Learn. 4, 26–31 (2012)
van der Aalst, W., Weijters, T., Maruster, L.: Workflow mining: discovering process models from event logs. IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng. 16(9), 1128–1142 (2004)
vanden Broucke, S.K.L.M., De Weerdt, J., Vanthienen, J., Baesens, B.: A comprehensive benchmarking framework (CoBeFra) for conformance analysis between procedural process models and event logs in ProM. In: 2013 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Data Mining (CIDM), pp. 254–261 (2013)
vanden Broucke, S.K.L.M., De Weerdt, J., Vanthienen, J., Baesens, B.: Determining process model precision and generalization with weighted artificial negative events. IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng. 26(8), 1877–1889 (2014)
Weidlich, M., Polyvyanyy, A., Desai, N., Mendling, J., Weske, M.: Process compliance analysis based on behavioural profiles. Inf. Syst. 36, 1009–1025 (2011)
Acknowledgement
This research has been financed in part by the NeEDS research project, an EC H2020 MSCA RISE project with Grant agreement No. 822214.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Peeperkorn, J., vanden Broucke, S., De Weerdt, J. (2021). Supervised Conformance Checking Using Recurrent Neural Network Classifiers. In: Leemans, S., Leopold, H. (eds) Process Mining Workshops. ICPM 2020. Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, vol 406. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72693-5_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72693-5_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-72692-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-72693-5
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)