Abstract
Network function virtualization (NFV) brings the potential to provide the flexible implementation of network functions and reduce overall hardware cost by running service function chains (SFCs) on commercial off-the-shelf servers with many-core processors. Towards this direction, both academia and industry have spent vast amounts of effort to address the optimal placement challenges of NFV middleboxes. Most of the servers usually are equipped with Intel X86 processors, which adopt Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) architecture. However, existing solutions for placing SFCs in one server either ignore the impact of hardware architecture or overlook the dependency between middleboxes. Our empirical analysis shows that the placement of virtual network functions (VNFs) with interdependency in a server needs more particular consideration. In this paper, we first manage the optimal placement of VNFs by jointly considering the discrepancy of cores in different NUMA nodes and interdependency between network functions (NFs), and formulate the optimization problem as a Non-Linear Integer Programming (NLIP) model. Then we find a reasonable metric to describe the dependency relation formally. Finally, we propose a heuristic-based backtracking placement algorithm (BPA) to find the near-optimal placement solution. The evaluation shows that, compared with two state-of-art placement strategies, our algorithm can improve the aggregate performance by an average of 20% or 45% within an acceptable time range.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Han, B., Gopalakrishnan, V., Ji, L., Lee, S.: Network function virtualization: challenges and opportunities for innovations. IEEE Commun. Mag. 53(2), 90–97 (2015)
Mehraghdam, S., Keller, M., Karl, H.: Specifying and placing chains of virtual network functions. In: 2014 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Cloud Networking (CloudNet), pp. 7–13. IEEE (2014)
Palkar, S., et al.: E2: a framework for NFV applications. In: Proceedings of the 25th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, pp. 121–136. ACM (2015)
Zhang, W., et al.: OpenNetVM: a platform for high performance network service chains. In: Proceedings of the 2016 Workshop on Hot Topics in Middleboxes and Network Function Virtualization, pp. 26–31. ACM (2016)
Li, D., Hong, P., Xue, K., et al.: Virtual network function placement considering resource optimization and SFC requests in cloud datacenter. IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst. 29(7), 1664–1677 (2018)
Sefraoui, O., Aissaoui, M., Eleuldj, M.: OpenStack: toward an open-source solution for cloud computing. Int. J. Comput. Appl. 55(3), 38–42 (2012)
Cisco: Cisco: Nat order of operation (2014). http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/ip/network-address-translation-nat/6209-5.html
TechNet, M.: Microsoft technet: VPNs and firewalls (2015). https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc958037.aspx
Cohen, R., Lewin-Eytan, L., Naor, J.S., Raz, D.: Near optimal placement of virtual network functions. In: 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM), pp. 1346–1354. IEEE (2015)
Kuo, T.W., Liou, B.H., Lin, K.C.J., Tsai, M.J.: Deploying chains of virtual network functions: on the relation between link and server usage. IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw. (TON) 26(4), 1562–1576 (2018)
Zheng, Z., et al.: Octans: optimal placement of service function chains in many-core systems. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, IEEE INFOCOM 2019, pp. 307–315. IEEE (2019)
Zhuravlev, S., Blagodurov, S., Fedorova, A.: Addressing shared resource contention in multicore processors via scheduling. ACM Sigplan Not. 45, 129–142 (2010)
Lepers, B., Quema, V., Fedorova, A.: Thread and memory placement on NUMA systems: asymmetry matters, pp. 277–289 (2015)
Rao, J., Wang, K., Zhou, X., Xu, C.: Optimizing virtual machine scheduling in NUMA multicore systems, pp. 306–317 (2013)
Liu, M., Li, T.: Optimizing virtual machine consolidation performance on NUMA server architecture for cloud workloads. In: International Symposium on Computer Architecture, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 325–336 (2014)
Gemberjacobson, A., et al.: OpenNF: enabling innovation in network function control. ACM Spec. Interest Group Data Commun. 44(4), 163–174 (2015)
Ma, W., Sandoval, O., Beltran, J., Pan, D., Pissinou, N.: Traffic aware placement of interdependent NFV middleboxes. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, IEEE INFOCOM 2017, pp. 1–9. IEEE (2017)
Beck, M.T., Botero, J.F.: Coordinated allocation of service function chains, pp. 1–6 (2014)
Ghribi, C., Mechtri, M., Zeghlache, D.: A dynamic programming algorithm for joint VNF placement and chaining. In: Proceedings of the 2016 ACM Workshop on Cloud-Assisted Networking, pp. 19–24. ACM (2016)
Dobrescu, M., Argyraki, K., Ratnasamy, S.: Toward predictable performance in software packet-processing platforms, p. 11 (2012)
Nathuji, R., Kansal, A., Ghaffarkhah, A.: Q-clouds: managing performance interference effects for QoS-aware clouds, pp. 237–250 (2010)
Statistics solutions: Pearson’s correlation coefficient (2015). https://www.statisticssolutions.com/pearsons-correlation-coefficient/
Sourceforge: Oprofile (2018). https://oprofile.sourceforge.io/news/
Online: DPDK pktgen (2019). http://pktgen-dpdk.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
Haeffner, W., Napper, J., Stiemerling, M., Lopez, D., Uttaro, J.: Service function chaining use cases in mobile networks. Internet Engineering Task Force (2015)
Kumar, S., Tufail, M., Majee, S., Captari, C., Homma, S.: Service function chaining use cases in data centers. IETF SFC WG 10 (2015)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 ICST Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering
About this paper
Cite this paper
Zhong, Y. et al. (2021). BPA: The Optimal Placement of Interdependent VNFs in Many-Core System. In: Gao, H., Wang, X., Iqbal, M., Yin, Y., Yin, J., Gu, N. (eds) Collaborative Computing: Networking, Applications and Worksharing. CollaborateCom 2020. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, vol 350. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67540-0_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67540-0_18
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-67539-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-67540-0
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)