WSN Applications

Hossam Mahmoud Ahmad Fahmy⁷

Part of the book series: Signals and Communication Technology ((SCT))

706 Accesses

Abstract

WSNs are infiltrating the environment in its wide sense, indoors and outdoors, in the human body, in unapproachable emplacements; they have found their way into a wide variety of applications and systems with vastly varying requirements and characteristics. Guardian angels? Watchdogs? Whatever, they are intended to work properly, faultlessly, no matter when and where. As a consequence, it is becoming increasingly difficult to forge unique requirements regarding hardware issues and software support. This is particularly important in a multidisciplinary research and practice area such as WSNs, where close collaboration between users, application domain experts, hardware designers, and software developers is needed to implement efficient systems.

In this chapter, who is who in WSNs are identified, motes, building blocks, producers, techniques, applications. A categorization of WSN applications according to their intended use is presented considering deployment, mobility, resources, cost, energy, heterogeneity, modality, infrastructure, topology, coverage, connectivity, size, lifetime, and QoS. The considered application categories, though non-exclusive, are branded as military, industrial, environmental, healthcare, daily life, and multimedia. Typical applications tasks are:

Performance monitoring
Surveillance
Environmental monitoring
Process control
Tracking of personnel and goods
Emergency management
Robotics

When compared with conventional mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), WSNs have different characteristics and present different engineering challenges and considerations.

“Many can do … Few innovate.”

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Notes

1.
Raytheon BBN Technologies delivers innovative solutions in quantum sensing, quantum communications, quantum computing, multisensor processing systems, speech recognition, and software systems. Their solutions are widely used in the US Navy, the UK Royal Air Force, and the Canadian Navy.
2.
Locomotion is the movement of an organism from one place to another, often by the action of appendages such as flagella, limbs, or wings. In some animals, such as fish, locomotion results from a wavelike series of muscle contractions.
3.
Kinect is Microsoft’s motion sensor add-on for the Xbox 360 gaming console. The device provides a natural user interface (NUI) that allows users to interact intuitively and without any intermediary device, such as a controller. The Kinect system identifies individual players through face recognition and voice recognition. A depth camera, which “sees” in 3D, creates a skeleton image of a player and a motion sensor detects their movements. Speech recognition software allows the system to understand spoken commands and gesture recognition enables the tracking of player movements. Although Kinect was developed for playing games, the technology has been applied to real-world applications as diverse as digital signage, virtual shopping, education, telehealth service delivery, and other areas of health IT.
4.
The ZigBee RF4CE specification offers an immediate, low-cost, easy-to-implement networking solution for control products based on ZigBee remote control and ZigBee input device. The ZigBee RF4CE specification is designed to provide low-power, low-latency control for a wide range of products including home entertainment devices, garage door openers, keyless entry systems, and many more.
5.
Time-of-flight principle is a method for measuring the distance between a sensor and an object, based on the time difference between the emission of a signal and its return to the sensor, after being reflected by an object. Various types of signals, also called carriers, can be used with ToF, the most common being sound and light.
6.
Odometry is the use of data from motion sensors to estimate change in position over time. It is used in robotics by some legged or wheeled robots to estimate their position relative to a starting location. This method is sensitive to errors due to the integration of velocity measurements over time to give position estimates. Rapid and accurate data collection, instrument calibration, and processing are required in most cases for odometry to be used effectively.
7.
I/Q data shows the changes in magnitude (or amplitude) and phase of a sine wave. If amplitude and phase changes occur in an orderly, predetermined fashion, these amplitude and phase changes can be used to encode information upon a sine wave, a process known as modulation.
8.
In wireless communications, channel state information (CSI) refers to known channel properties of a communication link. This information describes how a signal propagates from the transmitter to the receiver and represents the combined effect of, for example, scattering, fading, and power decay with distance. The CSI makes it possible to adapt transmissions to current channel conditions, which is crucial for achieving reliable communication with high data rates in multi-antenna systems.
9.
The Kinetis® KL0x-48 MHz MCU family is the entry point into the Kinetis L series based on the Arm® Cortex®-M0+ core.
10.
The SKY13314-374LF is a pHEMT GaAs I/C SPDT antenna switch operating in the 0.1-6 GHz frequency range. Switching between the antenna and ports is accomplished with two control voltages. The low loss, high isolation, high linearity, small size, and low cost make this switch ideal for all dual-band WLAN systems operating in the 2.4–2.5 GHz and 4.9–5.9 GHz bands.
11.
±2% ultralow-power, digital humidity sensor with temperature sensor in WCSP .
12.
The ALS-PT19-315C/L177/TR8 is a low-cost ambient light sensor, consisting of phototransistor in miniature SMD.
13.
The HM01B0 is an ultralow-power CMOS image sensor that enables the integration of an ““Always ON”” camera for computer vision applications such as gestures, intelligent ambient light and proximity sensing, tracking, and object identification. The unique architecture of the sensor allows the sensor to consume very low power of <2 mW at QVGA 30 fps.
14.
Test in which electrode patches are attached to the skin to monitor the electrical activity of the heart
15.
Test that measures and records the electrical activity of the brain
16.
PIR sensors allow to sense motion; they detect whether a human has moved in or out of their range (Adafruit Learning Technologies 2014).
17.
Adjective describing any process that does not involve either heat or a change in temperature
18.
A tiny memory card that uses flash memory to make storage portable among various devices, such as car navigation systems, cellular phones, eBooks, PDAs, … (TechTarget 2014a, b)
19.
A tiny memory card used to make storage portable among various devices, such as car navigation systems, cellular phones, eBooks, PDAs, … (TechTarget 2014a, b)
20.
An electronic device that records images
21.
Logitech bought Labtec in February 7, 2001.

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Faculty of Engineering, Computer Engineering and Systems Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
Hossam Mahmoud Ahmad Fahmy

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Fahmy, H.M.A. (2021). WSN Applications. In: Concepts, Applications, Experimentation and Analysis of Wireless Sensor Networks. Signals and Communication Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58015-5_3

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58015-5_3
Published: 25 November 2020
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-58014-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-58015-5
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