Abstract
One of the most permanent features of the United States is racial and ethnic stratification. Race and ethnicity are important dimensions in understanding the demography of the United States, for racial and ethnic groups vary tremendously with respect to population composition, population processes, and their life chances and access to opportunity structures. This chapter focuses on the demography of racial and ethnic groups and consists of four main sections. First, the conceptualization, substantive concerns, and relevance of race and ethnicity to demography are examined. Second, we provide an overview of theoretical perspectives that have been used to understand racial and ethnic groups. Third, the methodological issues related to the study of race and ethnicity are discussed along with key empirical findings. Finally, directions for future research are discussed, and a few research areas that merit attention are highlighted.
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Appendix
Appendix
List of Control Variables Included in the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) Regression of Logged Hourly Wages
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Age: 3 dummy variables: (1) Age 35–44; (2) age 45–54; and (3) age 55–64. Reference group = persons 25–34 years of age.
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Language: Two dummy variables: (1) Bilingual speaker (speaks a language other than English at home and speaks English “well” or “very well”; (2) non-English speaker (speaks a language other than English at home and speaks English “not well” or “not at all”). Reference group =
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English speakers (speaks English at home).
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Education: Four dummy variables: (1) High school graduate (high school diploma or GED equivalency); (2) some college (includes those with Associate Degrees); (3) bachelor’s degree; and (4) post-bachelor’s degree. Reference group = not a high school graduate.
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Self-Employment: One dummy variable: (1) Self-employed in an incorporated or unincorporated business or company. Reference: Not self-employed.
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Experience: Age – Years of Education – 6
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Experience squared: Experience * Experience
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Marital status: One dummy variable: (1) Currently married. Reference group = Not currently married.
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Disability: One dummy variable: (1) With a disability. Reference group = No disability.
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Region: Three dummy variables: (1) Midwest state; (2) South state; (3) West state. Reference group = Northeast state.
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Presence/age of own children at home (female analysis only): 3 dummy variables: (1) Children less than 6 years of age; (2) children 6 to 17 years of age; (3) children less than 6 years of age and children 6–17 years of age. Reference group = No children.
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Period of immigration arrival to U.S. (foreign-born analysis only): 4 dummy variables: (1) Arrived before 1980; (2) arrived between 1980 and 1989; (3) arrived between 1990 and 1999; and (4) arrived between 2000 and 2009. Reference group = Arrived between 2010 and 2016.
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Naturalized citizen status: 1 dummy variable: (1) Naturalized citizen. Reference group = Not naturalized citizen.
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Sáenz, R., Morales, M.C. (2019). 6 Demography of Race and Ethnicity. In: Poston, D.L. (eds) Handbook of Population. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10910-3_7
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