Nothing Special   »   [go: up one dir, main page]

Skip to main content

Hybridized Character-Word Embedding for Korean Traditional Document Translation

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Neural Information Processing (ICONIP 2018)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNTCS,volume 11303))

Included in the following conference series:

  • 2239 Accesses

Abstract

Translating traditional documents is quite laborious and time consuming for human translators owing to the voluminous nature and a complexity of grammatical patterns. In recent times, a neural network-based machine translation architecture such as sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) model showed superior performance in translation. However, it suffers out-of-vocabulary (OOV) issue when dealing with very complex and vocabulary languages such as Chinese characters, resulting in performance degradation. To cope with the OOV issue, we propose a new method by combining word embedding and character embedding to supplement loss from unknown words with character embedding. Experimental results show that the proposed method is efficient to translate old Korean archives (Hanja) to modern Korean documents (Hangul).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. dos Santos, C.N., Guimaraes, V.: Boosting named entity recognition with neural character embeddings. arXiv preprint arXiv:1505.05008 (2015)

  2. Kim, Y., Jernite, Y., Sontag D., Rush, A.M.: Character-aware neural language models. In: AAAI, pp. 2741–2749 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Ma, Y., Cambria, E., Gao, S.: Label embedding for zero-shot fine-grained named entity typing. In: Proceedings of COLING 2016, The 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers, pp. 171–180 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Chen, X., Xu, L., Liu, Z., Sun, M., Luan, H.-B.: Joint learning of character and word embeddings. In: IJCAI, pp. 1236–1242 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Zheng, X., Chen, H., Xu, T.: Deep learning for Chinese word segmentation and POS tagging. In: Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pp. 647–657 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Hochreiter, S., Schmidhuber, J.: Long short-term memory. Neural Comput. 9(8), 1735–1780 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Cho, K., et al.: Learning phrase representations using RNN encoder-decoder for statistical machine translation. arXiv preprint arXiv:1406.1078 (2014)

  8. Graves, A.: Supervised sequence labelling with recurrent neural networks (2012). http://books.google.com/books

  9. Cho, K., Van Merriënboer, B., Bahdanau, D., Bengio, Y.: On the properties of neural machine translation: encoder-decoder approaches. arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.1259 (2014)

  10. Bahdanau, D., Cho, K., Bengio, Y.: Neural machine translation by jointly learning to align and translate. arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.0473 (2014)

  11. Lee, D.-J., Yeon, J.-H., Hwang, I.-B., Lee, S.-G.: KKMA: a tool for utilizing Sejong corpus based on relational database. J. KIISE Comput. Pract. Lett. 16(11), 1046–1050 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Papineni, K., Roukos, S., Ward, T., Zhu, W.-J.: BLEU: a method for automatic evaluation of machine translation. In: Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 311–318 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Lin, C.-Y.: Rouge: a package for automatic evaluation of summaries. In: Proceeding of Workshop on Text Summarization Branches Out (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Banerjee, S., Lavie, A.: METEOR: an automatic metric for MT evaluation with improved correlation with human judgments. In: Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Intrinsic and Extrinsic Evaluation Measures for Machine Translation and/or Summarization, pp. 65–72 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Sundermeyer, M., Alkhouli, T., Wuebker, J., Ney, H.: Translation modeling with bidirectional recurrent neural networks. In: Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), pp. 14–25 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Wu, Y., et al.: Google’s neural machine translation system: bridging the gap between human and machine translation. arXiv preprint arXiv:1609.08144 (2016)

  17. Auli, M., Galley, M., Quirk, C., Zweig, G.: Joint language and translation modeling with recurrent neural networks. In: Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pp. 1044–1054 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Cambria, E., White, B.: Jumping NLP curves: a review of natural language processing research. IEEE Comput. Intell. Mag. 9(2), 48–57 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. LeCun, Y., Bengio, Y., Hinton, G.: Deep learning. Nature 521(7553), 436–444 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Chung, J., Gulcehre, C., Cho, K., Bengio, Y.: Empirical evaluation of gated recurrent neural networks on sequence modeling. arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.3555 (2014)

  21. Sutskever, I., Vinyals, O., Le, Q.V.: Sequence to sequence learning with neural networks. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, pp. 3104–3112 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Sutskever, I., Martens, J., Hinton, G.E.: Generating text with recurrent neural networks. In: Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML-11), pp. 1017–1024 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Mikolov, T., Kombrink, S., Burget, L., Černocký, J., Khudanpur, S.: Extensions of recurrent neural network language model. In: Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), pp. 5528–5531 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Mikolov, T., Karafiát, M., Burget, L., Černocký, J., Khudanpur, S.: Recurrent neural network based language model. In: Eleventh Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, pp. 1045–1048 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Mikolov, T., Sutskever, I., Chen, K., Corrado, G.S., Dean, J.: Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, pp. 3111–3119 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Goldberg, Y.: A primer on neural network models for natural language processing. J. Artif. Intell. Res. 57, 345–420 (2016)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  27. Mikolov, T., Chen, K., Corrado, G., Dean, J.: Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space. arXiv preprint arXiv:1301.3781 (2013)

  28. Turney, P.D., Pantel, P.: From frequency to meaning: vector space models of semantics. J. Artif. Intell. Res. 37, 141–188 (2010)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  29. Elman, J.L.: Distributed representations, simple recurrent networks, and grammatical structure. Mach. Learn. 7(2–3), 195–225 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was partly supported by Institute for Information & communications Technology Promotion (IITP) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (2016-0-00564, Development of Intelligent Interaction Technology Based on Context Awareness and Human Intention Understanding) and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIP) (No. NRF-2017M3C1B6071400).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Minho Lee .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Yu, H., Jang, GJ., Lee, M. (2018). Hybridized Character-Word Embedding for Korean Traditional Document Translation. In: Cheng, L., Leung, A., Ozawa, S. (eds) Neural Information Processing. ICONIP 2018. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 11303. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04182-3_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04182-3_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-04181-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-04182-3

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics