Abstract
Speed-dependent automatic zooming couples the user’s rate of motion through an information space with the zoom level — the faster the user moves the ‘higher’ they fly above the work surface. Igarashi & Hinckley [2000] proposed using the technique to improve scrolling through large documents. Their informal preliminary evaluation showed mixed results with participants completing scrolling tasks in roughly the same time, or more slowly, than when using traditional methods. In this paper, we describe the implementation and formal evaluation of two rapidly interactive speed-dependent automatic zooming interfaces. The ecologically oriented evaluation shows that scrolling tasks are solved significantly faster with automatic zooming in both text document and map browsing tasks. Subjective preferences and workload measures also strongly favour the automatic zooming systems. Implications for the future of scrolling interfaces are substantial, and directions for further work are presented.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bederson, B. [2000], Fisheye Menus, in M. Ackerman & K. Edwards (eds.), Proceedings of the 13th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, UIST2000, CHI Letters 2(2), ACM Press, pp.217–25.
Bederson, B. B., Hollan, J. D., Perlin, K., Meyer, J., Bacon, D. & Furnas, G. [1996], Pad++: A Zoomable Graphical Sketchpad for Exploring Alternate Interface Physics, Journal of Visual Languages and Computing 7(1), 3–31.
Bederson, B. & McAlister, B. [1999], Jazz: An Extensible 2D+Zooming Graphics Toolkit in Java, Technical Report HCIL-99-07, Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland.
Fitts, P. M. [1954], The Information Capacity of the Human Motor System in Controlling Amplitude of Movement, British Journal of Educational Psychology 47(6), 381–91.
Gutwin, C. [2002], Improving Focus Targeting in Interactive Fisheye Views, in D. Wixon (ed.), Proceedings of CHI’02 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems: Changing our World, Changing Ourselves, CHI Letters 4(1), ACM Press, pp.267-74.
Hart, S. & Staveland, L. [1988], Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): Results of Empirical and Theoretical Research, in P. Hancock & N. Meshkati (eds.), Human Mental Workload, North-Holland, pp. 139-83.
Hinckley, K., Cutrell, E., Bathiche, S. & Muss, T. [2002], Quantitative Analysis of Scrolling Techniques, in D. Wixon (ed.), Proceedings of CHI’02 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems: Changing our World, Changing Ourselves, CHI Letters 4(1), ACM Press, pp.65–72.
Igarashi, T. & Hinckley, K. [2000], Speed-dependent Automatic Zooming for Browsing Large Documents, in M. Ackerman & K. Edwards (eds.), Proceedings of the 13th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, UIST2000, CHI Letters 2(2), ACM Press, pp. 139–48.
McGuffin, M. & Balakrishnan, R. [2002], Acquisition of Expanding Targets, in D. Wixon (ed.), Proceedings of CHI’02 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems: Changing our World, Changing Ourselves, CHI Letters 4(1), ACM Press, pp.57–64.
Rhyne, T. [2002], Computer Games and Scientific Visualization, Communications of the ACM 45(7), 40–4.
Schaffer, D., Zuo, Z., Greenberg, S., Bartram, L., Dill, J., Dubs, S. & Roseman, M. [1996], Navigating Hierarchically Clustered Networks through Fisheye and Full-zoom Methods, ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 3(2), 162–88.
Tan, D., Robertson, G. & Czerwinski, M. [2001], Exploring 3D Navigation: Combining Speed-coupled Flying with Orbiting, in J. A. Jacko & A. Sears (eds.), Proceedings of CHI’01 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI Letters 3(1), ACM Press, pp.418–25.
Ware, C. & Fleet, D. [1997], Context Sensitive Flying Interface, in S. N. Spencer (ed.), Proceedings of the Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics, ACM SIGRAPH, pp. 127-30.
Zhai, S. Smith, B. A. & Selker, T. [1997], Improving Browsing Performances: A Study of Four Input Devices for Scrolling and Pointing Tasks, in S. Howard, J. Hammond & G. K. Lindgaard (eds.), Human-Computer Interaction — INTERACT’ 97: Proceedings of the Sixth IFIP Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, Chapman & Hall, pp.286-93.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Springer-Verlag London
About this paper
Cite this paper
Cockburn, A., Savage, J. (2004). Comparing Speed-dependent Automatic Zooming with Traditional Scroll, Pan and Zoom Methods. In: O’Neill, E., Palanque, P., Johnson, P. (eds) People and Computers XVII — Designing for Society. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3754-2_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3754-2_6
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-85233-766-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-3754-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive