Visual Attention and Eye Gaze During Multiparty Conversations with Distractions

1. Argyle, M., Cook, M.: Gaze and Mutual Gaze. Cambridge University Press, London (1976)

   Google Scholar 

2. Badler, N., Chi, D., Chopra, S.: Virtual human animation based on movement observation and cognitive behavior models. In: Proc. Computer Animation, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 128–137. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos (1999)

   Google Scholar 

3. Cassell, J., Thorisson, K.: The power of a nod and a glance: Envelope vs. emo-tional feedback in animated conversational agents. Applied Artificial Intelligence Journal 13(4-5), 519–538 (2000)

   Google Scholar 

4. Cassell, J., Vilhjalmsson, H.: Fully embodied conversational avatars: Making communicative behaviors autonomous. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 2(1), 45–64 (1999)

   Article  Google Scholar 

5. Chopra-Khullar, S., Badler, N.: Where to look? Automating attending behaviors of virtual human characters. Autonomous Agents and Multi-agent Systems 4, 9–23 (2001)

   Article  Google Scholar 

6. Chopra-Khullar, S.: Where to look? Automating certain visual attending behaviors of human characters. Ph.D Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania (1999)

   Google Scholar 

7. Colburn, A., Cohen, M., Drucker, S.: The role of eye gaze in avatar mediated conversational interfaces. MSR-TR-2000-81. Microsoft Research (2000)

   Google Scholar 

8. Garau, M., Slater, M., Bee, S., Sasse, M.: The impact of eye gaze on communication using humaniod avatars. In: Proc. ACM SIGCHI, pp. 309–316 (2001)

   Google Scholar 

9. Green, G.: Inattentional blindness and conspicuity (Retrieved November 10, 2004) (2004), http://www.visualexpert.com/Resources/inattentionalblindness.html

10. Gu, E.: Multiple Influences on Gaze and Attention Behavior for Embodied Agent, Doctoral Dissertation Proposal, Computer and Information Science Department, Univeristy of Pennysylavania (November 2005)

    Google Scholar 

11. Gu, E., Stocker, C., Badler, N.: Do You See What Eyes See? Implementing Inattentional Blindness. In: Panayiotopoulos, T., Gratch, J., Aylett, R.S., Ballin, D., Olivier, P., Rist, T. (eds.) IVA 2005. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 3661, pp. 178–190. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

12. Gu, E., Wang, J., Badler, N.: Generating sequence of eye fixations using decision-theoretic bottom-up attention model. In: 3rd International Workshop on Attention and Performance in Computational Vision, IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop, San Diego, p. 92 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

13. Itti, L.: Visual attention. In: Arbib, M.A. (ed.) The Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks, pp. 1196–1201. MIT Press, Cambridge (2003)

    Google Scholar 

14. Knapp, L., Hall, A.: The effects of eye behavior on human communication. In: Nonverbal communication in human interaction, 4th edn., ch. 10, pp. 369–380. Harcourt College Pub. (1996)

    Google Scholar 

15. Kendon, A.: Some functions of gaze direction in social interaction. Acta Psychologica 32, 1–25 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

16. Lee, S., Badler, J., Badler, N.: Eyes alive. ACM Transactions on Graphics 21(3), 637–644 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

17. Mack, A., Rock, I.: Inattentional Blindness. MIT Press, Cambridge (1998)

    Google Scholar 

18. Matsusaka, Y., Fujie, S., Kobayashi, T.: Modeling of conversational strategy for the robot participating in the group conversation. In: Proc. 7th European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (Eurospeech 2001), Aalborg, Denmark, pp. 2173–2176 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

19. Miller, E.: Turn-taking and relevance in conversation. For the course, Ways of Speaking, at the University of Pennsylvania (May 1999)

    Google Scholar 

20. Most, S., Scholl, B., Clifford, E., Simons, D.: What you see is what you set: Sustained inattentional blindness and the capture of awareness. Psychological Review 112, 217–242 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

21. Nakano, Y., Nishida, T.: Awareness of perceived world and conversational en-gagement by conversational agents. In: AISB Symposium: Conversational Informatics for Supporting Social Intelligence & Interaction, England (2005)

    Google Scholar 

22. Novick, D., Hansen, B., Ward, K.: Coordinating turn-taking with gaze. In: Proc. of ICSLP 1996, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 1888–1891 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

23. Peters, C.: Direction of attention perception for conversation initiation in virtual environments. In: Panayiotopoulos, T., Gratch, J., Aylett, R.S., Ballin, D., Olivier, P., Rist, T. (eds.) IVA 2005. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 3661, pp. 215–228. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

24. Pelachaud, C., Peters, C., Mancini, M., Bevacqua, E., Poggi, I.: A model of attention and interest using gaze behavior. In: Panayiotopoulos, T., Gratch, J., Aylett, R.S., Ballin, D., Olivier, P., Rist, T. (eds.) IVA 2005. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 3661, pp. 229–240. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

25. Slater, M., Pertaub, D., Steed, A.: Public Speaking in Virtual Reality: Facing and Audience of Avatars. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 19(2), 6–9 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

26. Simons, D., Chabris, C.: Gorillas in our midst: Sustained inattentional blindness for dynamic events. Perception 28, 1059–1074 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

27. Sidner, C., Lee, C., Lesh, N.: Engagement rules for human-robot collaborative interactions. In: Proc. IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man & Cybernetics (CSMC), vol. 4, pp. 3957–3962 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

28. Vertegaal, R., Der Veer, G., Vons, H.: Effects of gaze on multiparty mediated communication. In: Proc. Graphics Interface, pp. 95–102. Morgan-Kaufmann Publishers, Montreal. Canadian Human-Computer Communications Society,Canada (2000)

    Google Scholar 

29. Vertegaal, R., Slagter, R., Der Veer, G., Nijholt, A.: Eye gaze patterns in conversations: There is more to conversational ageents than meets the eyes. In: ACM CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 301–308 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

30. Wolfe, J.: Inattentional amnesia, in Fleeting Memories. In: Cognition of Brief Visual Stimuli, pp. 71–94. MIT Press, Cambridge (1999)

    Google Scholar 

Download references