Nothing Special   »   [go: up one dir, main page]

Skip to main content

The Usability of Handwriting Recognition for Writing in the Primary Classroom

  • Conference paper
People and Computers XVIII — Design for Life

Abstract

This paper describes an empirical study with children that compared the three methods of writing — using pencil and paper, using the QWERTY keyboard at a computer, and using a pen and graphics tablet. The children wrote short stories. Where the graphics tablet was used, the text was recognized and presented to the children as ASCII text. Measures of user satisfaction, quantity of writing produced, and quality of writing produced were taken. In addition, the recognition process was evaluated by comparing what the child wrote with the resulting ASCII text. The results show that for the age group considered, writing at the tablet was as efficient as, and produced comparable writing to, the pencil and paper. The keyboard was less efficient. Key usability problems with the handwriting recognition interface are identified and classified, and we propose some solutions in the form of design guidelines for both recognition-based and pen-based computer writing interfaces.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Beanie, E. [1998], Making Progress in English, Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Card, S. K., English, W. K. & Burr, B. J. [1978], Evaluation of Mouse, Rate-controlled Isometric Joystick, Step-keys and Text Keys for Text Selection on a CRT, Ergonomics 21(8), 601–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • DfEE [1988], The National Literacy Strategy as a Framework for Teaching.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frankish, C. [1999], Pen-based Computing, in J. M. Noyes & M. J. Cook (eds.), Interface Technology: The Leading Edge, Research Studies Press, pp.59–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frankish, C., Hull, R. & Morgan, P. [1995], Recognition Accuracy and User Acceptance of Pen Interfaces, in I. Katz, R. Mack, L. Marks, M. B. Rosson & J. Nielsen (eds.), Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’ 95), ACM Press, pp.503–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, D. & Goodisman, A. [1991], STYLUS User Interfaces for Manipulating Text, in J. R. Rhyne (ed.), Proceedings of the 4th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, UIST’91, ACM Press, pp. 127–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, J. R. & Flower, L. S. [1986], Writing Research and the Writer, Amercan Psychologist 41(10), 1106–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hermann, A. [1987], Research into Writing and Computers: Viewing the Gestalt, Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Modern Language Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurth, R. [1987], Using Word Processing to Enhance Revision Strategies During Student Writing Activities, Educational Technology 27(1), 13–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Latham, D. [2002], How Children Learn to Write, Paul Chapman Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, C. & Norman, D. A. [1986], Designing for Error In User Centred Systems, in D. A. Norman & S. W. Draper (eds.), User Centered System Design: New Perspectives on Human-Computer Interaction, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp.411–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacKenzie, I. S. & Chang, L. [1999], A Performance Comparison of Two Handwriting Recognizers, Interacting with Computers 11(3), 283–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacKenzie, I. S. & Soukoreff, R. W. [2002a], A Character-level Error Analysis for Evaluating Text Entry Methods, in O. W. Bertelsen, S. Bødker & K. Kuuti (eds.), Proceedings of NordiCHI 2002, ACM Press, pp.241–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacKenzie, I. S. & Soukoreff, R. W. [2002b], Text Entry for Mobile Computing: Models and Methods, Theory and Practice, Human-Computer Interaction 17(2), 147–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mankoff, J. [2000], Providing Integrated Toolkit-level Support for Ambiguity in Recognition-based Interfaces, in M. Tremaine (ed.), CHI’00 Extended Abstracts of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, ACM Press, pp.77–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mankoff, J. & Abowd, G. [1999], Error Correction Techniques for Handwriting, Speech and Other Ambiguous or Error Prone Systems, Technical Report GIT-GVU-99-18, GVU Centre, Georgia Tech.

    Google Scholar 

  • McHale, K. & Cermak, S. [1992], Fine Motor Activities in Elementary School: Preliminary Findings and Provivional Implications for Children with Fine Motor Problems, American Journal of Occupational Therapy 46(10), 898–903.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newell, A. F., Boothe, L., Arnott, J. & Beattie, W. [1992], Increasing Literacy Levels by the Use of Linguistic Prediction, Child Language Teaching and Therapy 8(2), 138–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norman, D. A. [1981], Categorization of Action Slips, Psychological Review 88(1), 1–15.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Noyes, J. [2001], Talking and Writing — How Natural in Human-Machine Interaction?, International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 55(4), 503–19.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Papert, S. [1980], Mindstorms. Children, Computers, and Powerful Ideas, Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters, M. L. [1985], Spelling: Caught or Taught: A New Look, Routledge and Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plamondon, R. & Srihari, S. N. [2000], On-line and Off-line Handwriting Recognition: A Comprehensive Survey, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 22(1), 63–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Read, J. C., MacFarlane, S. J. & Casey, C. [2001], Measuring the Usability of Text Input Methods for Children, in A. Blandford, J. Vanderdonckt & P. Gray (eds.), People and Computers XV: Interaction without Frontiers (Joint Proceedings of HCI2001 and IHM200I), Springer-Verlag, pp.559–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Read, J. C., MacFarlane, S. J. & Casey, C. [2002a], Designing a Handwriting Recognition Based Writing Environment for Children, in Proceedings of the 8th International EARLISIG Writing Conference, EARLISIG, p.9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Read, J. C., MacFarlane, S. J. & Casey, C. [2002b], Endurability, Engagement and Expectations: Measuring Children’s Fun, in M. Bekker, P. Markopoulos & M. Kersten-Tsikalkina (eds.), Interaction Design and Children, Shaker Publishing, pp. 189–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Read, J. C., MacFarlane, S. J. & Casey, C. [2002c], Oops! Silly me! Errors in a Handwriting Recognition-based Text entry Interface for Children, in O. W. Bertelsen, S. Bødker & K. Kuuti (eds.), Proceedings of NordiCHI 2002, ACM Press, pp.35–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Read, J. C., MacFarlane, S. J. & Casey, C. [2003a], Good Enough for What? Acceptance of Handwriting Recognition Errors by Child Users, in S. J. MacFarlane, A. Nicol, J. C. Read & L. Snape (eds.), Proceedings of Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC 2003), ACM Press, p.155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Read, J. C., MacFarlane, S. J. & Casey, C. [2003b], What’s Going On? Discovering what Children understand about Handwriting Recognition Interfaces, in S. J. MacFarlane, A. Nicol, J. C. Read & L. Snape (eds.), Proceedings of Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC 2003), ACM Press, pp. 135–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Read, J. C., MacFarlane, S. J. & Casey, C. [n. d.], Pens Behaving Badly — Usability of Pens and Graphics Tablets for Text Entry with Children, Available on the CD-ROM issued at the UIST 2002 conference, published by ACM Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sassoon, R. [1990], Handwriting: A New Perspective, Stanley Thornes.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sturm, J. [1988], Using Computer Software Tools to Facilitate Narrative Skills, The Clinical Connection 11(4), 6–9.

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, H. L. & Berninger, V. W. [1996], Individual Differences in Children’s Working Memory and Writing Skill, Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 63(2), 358–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tappert, C. C., Suen, C. Y. & Wakahara, T. [1990], The State of the Art in On-Line Handwriting Recognition, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 12(8), 787–808.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Springer-Verlag London Limited

About this paper

Cite this paper

Read, J.C., MacFarlane, S., Horton, M. (2005). The Usability of Handwriting Recognition for Writing in the Primary Classroom. In: Fincher, S., Markopoulos, P., Moore, D., Ruddle, R. (eds) People and Computers XVIII — Design for Life. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-84628-062-1_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-84628-062-1_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-85233-900-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-84628-062-7

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics