Abstract
In this chapter, an overview of the commercially important blends is presented with a particular emphasis on the rationale for their commercial development, the compatibilization principles, their key mechanical properties and their current applications and markets. To facilitate the discussion, the commercial polymer blends have been classified into twelve major groups depending on the type of the resin family they are based on, viz. (i) polyolefin, (ii) styrenic, (iii) vinyl, (iv) acrylic, (v) elastomeric, (vi) polyamide, (vii) polycarbonate, (viii) poly(oxymethylene), (ix) polyphenyleneether, (x) thermoplastic polyester, (xi) specialty polymers, and (xii) thermoset blends.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adams, R. K., and Hoeschele, G. K. in “Thermoplastic Elas-tomers”, Legge, N. R., Holden, G., and Schroeder, H. E., Eds., Hanser Publishing, Münich (1987).
Akkapeddi, M. K., VanBuskirk, B., and Brown, A. C., PCT Int. Appl., W088/08433, Nov 3, 1988, Appl. Aug 24, 1987; U.S. Pat., 5,162,440, Nov 10, 1992, Appl. Apr 24, 1987, to AlliedSignal Inc.
Akkapeddi, M. K., and Gervasi, J. A., U.S. Pat., 4,826,955, May 2, 1989, Appl. Jan 21, 1988, to AlliedSignal Inc.
Akkapeddi, M. K., and Mason, C. D., PCT Int. Appl., WO91/15545, Oct 17, 1991; Appl. Feb 26, 1991 to AlliedSignal Inc.
Akkapeddi, M. K., and VanBuskirk, B., Advances Polymer Technol., 11, 263 (1992); Poly. Prepr., 33 (2), 602 (1992); Proceeds. Polym. Processing Society, 9th Annual Mtg.; Manchester, England (1993).
Akkapeddi, M. K., Haylock, J. C., and Gervasi, J. A., U.S. Pat., 4,847,322, July 11, 1989, Appl. Oct 22, 1987 to AlliedSignal Inc.
Akkapeddi, M. K., Mason, C. D., and VanBuskirk B., Poly. Prepr., 34 (2), 848 (1993).
Akkapeddi, M. K., VanBuskirk, B., and Glans, J. H., in “Advances in Polymer Blends and Alloys Technology”, Vol. 4, Finlayson K. (Ed.), Technomic Publishing Co, Lancaster, Pa. (1993).
Akkapeddi, M. K., VanBuskirk, B., and Kraft, T., U.S. Pat., 4,902,749, Feb 20, 1990, Appl. Aug 24, 1987; U.S. Pat., 5,1115,018, May 9, 1992, Appl. Aug 24, 1987; U.S. Pat., 5,210,134, May 11, 1993; Appl. Aug 24, 1987, to AlliedSignal Inc.
Akkapeddi, M. K., VanBuskirk, B., Galanty, P., Unpublished results.
Anonymous, Mod. Plastics, 60 (2), 12 (1983).
Anonymous, Mod. Plastics, 70 (1), 83 (1993).
Anonymous, Preliminary Literature on Capron® AB, Allied-Signal (1992).
Anonymous, Preliminary Product Literature on Blendex® HPP PPO® Modifier resins, General Electric Co. (1991).
Anonymous, Product Literature on Trefsin® Thermoplastic Elastomer, Exxon Chem, Co. (1988).
Anonymous, Product Literature on Vistanex® Polyisobutylene, Exxon Chem. Co. (1974).
Anonymous, Selar® PA 3426 Product Literature, DuPont Co. (1989).
Arkles, B. C., U.S. Pat., 4,500,688, Feb 19, 1985, Appl. Apr 20, 1982, to Petrarch Systems
Atkins, K. E., in Polymer Blends, Vol. 2, Paul, D. R., and Newman, S., Eds., Academic Press, New York (1978).
Aycock, D. F., and Ting, S. P., U.S. Pat. 4,600,741, July 15, 1986, Appl. Sep. 27, 1984, to General Electric Co.
Baer, M., U.S. Pat., 4,707,513, Nov 17, 1987, Appl. Mar 11, 1986, to Monsanto Co.
Bernstein, R. E., Cruz, C. A., Paul, D. R., and Barlow, J. W.,Macromolecules, 10, 681 (1997).
Bertillson, H., Franzen, B., and Kubat, J., Plastics and Rubber Processing and Applications, 10, 137 (1988).
Bertolucci, M. D., and Delaney, D. E, SPE Tech. Pap, 29, 23, (1983).
Binsack, R., and Goldman, T., Ger. Pat. 3,336,499, Apr 25, 1985, App. Oct 7, 1983, to Bayer A. G.
Boldebuck, E. M., U.S. Pat. 3,063,872, Nov 13, 1962, App. Feb 15, 1960, to General Electric Co.
Borggreve, R. J. M., Gaymans, R. J., and Luther, A. R., Makromol. Chem. Macromol. Symp., 16, 195 (1988).
Borggreve, R. J. M., and Gaymans, R. J., Polym. Commun, 30, 71 (1989).
Brown, S. B., Campbell, J. R., and Shea, T. J., U.S. Pat. 5,039,742, Aug 13, 1991, Appl. Oct 30, 1989, to General Electric Co.
Brown, S. B., McFay, D., Yates, J. B., and Lee, G. F., U.S. Pat. 4,978,715, Dec 18, 1990, Appl. Aug 15, 1988, to General Electric Co.
Bucknall, C. B., “Toughened Plastics”, Applied Science Publishers Ltd.; London (1977),
Bucknall, C. B., Clayton, D., and Keast, W. E., J. Mater. Sci., 7, 1443 (1973).
Bucknall, C. B., Partridge, I. K., and Ward, M. V., J. Mater Sci., 19, 2064 (1984).
Burg, K., Chedron, H., Kloos, F., and Schlaf, H., Eur. Pat. App. 156, 285, Oct 2, 1985, Appl. Mar 19, 1985, U.S. Pat., 5,047,470, Sep 10, 1991; Appl. May 20, 1988
Burke, L. R., and Newcombe, J. M., Plast. Eng., Oct, 35 (1982).
Bussink, J. DeMunck, J., and Van Abeleen C., U.S. Pat., 4,122,131, Oct 24, 1978, App. Sep 11, 1977, to General Electric Co.
Campbell, J. R., Hobbs, S. Y., Shea, T. J., and Watkins, V. H., Polym. Eng. Sci, 30, 1056
Carew, R., and Deisler, R., Proceedings of Compalloy, Schot-land Business Research Inc, Princeton, N.J. (1989).
Carhart, R. O. in “Engineering Thermoplastics”, Margolis, J. M., Ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc, New York (1985).
Chao, H. S., Colborn, R. E., Presley, J. R., Whalen, J. M., Davis, M. J., Tracy, J. E., and Chu, E. F., U.S. Pat. 5,213,886, May 25, 1993, Appl. Feb 17, 1989, to General Electric Co.
Chung, J. C., and Akkapeddi, M. K., Polymer Prepr., 34 (1), 614 (1993).
Chung, J. Y., Neuray, D., and Witman, M., U.S. Pat., 4,554,314, Nov 19, 1985, Appl. Nov 14, 1984, to Mobay Co.
Cizek, E. P., U.S. Pat. 3,383,435, May 14, 1968, Appl. Jan 6, 1965, to General Electric Co.
Coran, A. Y., and Patel, R., Rubber Chem. Technol, 56, 1045 (1983).
Coran, A. Y. in “Thermoplastic Elastomers” Legge, N. R, Holden, G., Schroeder, H. E., Eds, Hanser Publishing, Münich (1987).
Coran, A. Y., and Patel, R., U.S. Pat. 4,355,139, Oct 29, 1982, Appl. June 22, 1981, to Monsanto Co.
Coran, A. Y., and Patel, R., Rubber Chem. Technol, 53, 781 (1980).
Coran, A. Y., Das, B., and Patel, R., U.S. Pat. 4,130,535, Dec 19, 1978, Appl. Apr 30, 1978 to Monsanto Co.
D’orazio, L., Greco, R., Mancarella, C., Martucelli, E., Ragosta, G., and Silvester, C., Polym. Eng. Sci, 22, 536 (1982).
Dao, K. C., J. Appl. Polym. Sci, 27, 4799 (1982).
Dao, K. C., Polymer, 25, 1527 (1984).
Dekkers, M. E. J., Hobbs, S. Y., Bruker, I., and Watkins, V. H., Polym. Engs. Sci, 30, 1628 (1990).
DeNicola, A., Okamoto, K., and Van Cleuvenbergen, M., Proceed. Compalloy Europe-‘92, 95 (1992).
DeNicola, A., Hivalloy Resin Technology: Reactor Produced Polyolefin Alloys, 2nd Annual North America Sympo-sium on “Recent Advances in Polymer Blends Alloys,” Hilton Head, S.C. (1994).
Deveaux, J., Goddard, P., and Mercier, J. P., J. Polym. Sci. Poly. Phys. Ed., 20, 1881 (1982).
Deyrup, E. J., U.S. Pat. 4,352,904, Oct 5, 1982; Appl. Jan 5, 1979 to DuPont Co.
Deyrup, E. J., U.S. Pat. 4,753,980, June 28, 1988; Appl. Nov 14, 1986, to DuPont Co.
Dobkowski, F., Polymer, 25, 110 (1988).
Dobrescu, V., and Cobzaru, V., J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Symp, 64, 27 (1978).
Doescher, M., and Jadamus, H., U.S. Pat. 4,760, 115, July 26, 1988, Appl. Mar 30, 1987, to Hüls A. G.
Donbe, C. P., and Walsh, D. J., Polymer, 20, 1115 (1979).
Dotson, S., and Niznik, G. in Modern Plastics Encyclopedia, McGraw Hill, NY. (1991).
Drake, R. S., and Siebert, A. R., SAMPE Q, 6 (1), 1975
Drake, R. S., Egan, D. R., and Murphy, W. T., ACS Symp. Ser., 221, 1 (1983).
Echte, A., in “Rubber Toughened Plastics”, ACS Monograph Washington, DC (1989).
Ellis, T. S., Polym. Eng. Sci., 30, 998 (1990).
Epstein, B. N., U.S. Pat. 4,174,358, Nov 13, 1979, App. Apr 11, 1977, to DuPont Co.
Equiazabal, J. Cortazar, M., and Irwin, J., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 42, 489 (1991).
Escala, A., and Stein, R. S., Adv. Chem. Ser, 176, 455 (1979).
Evans, T. R., and Mosier, D. D., Plastics Eng, 17, Oct (1991).
Farnham, S. B., and Goldman, T., U.S. Pat. 4,096,202, June 20, 1978, Appl. June 9, 1976, to Rohm and Haas Co.
Flexman, E. A., Huang, D. D., and Snyder, H. L., Polymer Prepr., 31 (2), 189 (1990).
Flexman, E. A., U.S. Pat. 4,804,716, Feb 24, 1989, App. July 21, 1987, to DuPont Co.
Forger, G. R., Mater. Eng., 85, 44 (1977).
Forger, G., Plastics World., 40, 28 (1982).
Freitag, D., Fengler, G., and Morbitzer, L., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 30, 1598 (1991).
Freitag, D., Grigo, V., Muller, P. R., and Nouvertne, W. in Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology 11, 706; Mark H. F. Bikales, N., Overberger, C. G., and Menges, G., Eds., John Wiley & Sons, New York (1985).
Fried, J. R., Karasz, F. E., and McKnight, W. J., Macromol-ecules, 11, 150 (1978).
Friedrich, K., “Crazing in Polymers”, Kausch, H. H., Ed., Advances in Polymer Science, vol. 52/53, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1983).
Fry, J. S., Merriam, C. N., and Boyd, W. H., in “Applied Polymer Science”, Tess, R. W., and Poehlain, G. W., Eds., ACS Symp. Ser., 285, 1141 (1985).
Gabrielle, M., Plastics Technology, Jan, 59 (1992).
Galli, P., Haylock, J. C., Albizzati, E., and DeNicola, A. J., High Performance Polyolefins, IUPAC, Akron, OH (1994).
Galli, P., and Haylock, J. C., Prog. Polym. Sci., 16, 443 (1991).
Gardlund, Z. G., in “Polymer blends and composites in Multiphase Systems”, Han, C. D., Ed., Adv. Chem. Ser, 206, ACS, Washington, DC (1984).
Gelles, B., Modic, M., and Kirkpatrick, J., SPE Tech. Pap., 34, 513 (1988).
Girard, J., Eng. Plastics, 3, 51 (1990).
Glans, J. H., and Akkapeddi, M. K., Macromolecules, 24, 383 (1991).
Goddard, P., Dekoninck, J. M., Pevlesaver, V., and Deveaux, J., J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem., 24, 3315 (1986).
Grabowski, T. S., U.S. Pat. 3,130,177, Apr 21, 1964 to Borg-Warner Co.
Grant, T. S., and Meyers, C. L., U.S. Pat. 4,496,690, Jan 29, 1985; Appl. June 3, 1983, to Borg-Warner Co.
Grant, T. S., Jalbert, R. L., and Whalen, D., U.S. Pat. 4,732, 935, Mar 22, 1988, App. Dec 6, 1985, to Borg-Warner Co.
Greek, B. F., C & EN, June 10, 39 (1991).
Haartman, P. F., Eddy, C. L., and Koo, G. P., SPE. J. 26 (5), 62 (1970).
Haartman, P. F., Eddy, C. L., and Koo, G. P., Rubber World, 163 (l), 59 (1970).
Hall, W. J., A.C.S. Div. of Org. Coatings and Plast. Prepr., 47, 298 (1982).
Hammer, C. F., Macromolecules, 4, 69 (1971).
Hanrahan, B. D., Angeli, S. R., and Runt, J., Polym. Bull., 14, 399 (1985).
Hay, A. S., Polym. Eng. Sci., 16, 1 (1976).
Hay, A. S., U.S. Pat., 3,306,874, Feb 18, 1967; Appl. July 24, 1962, to General Electric Co.
Hay, A. S., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 81, 6335 (1959).
Hazelton, D. R., and Puydak, R. C., U.S. Pat. 4,639,487, Jan 27, 1987, Appl. July 11, 1984, to Exxon Co.
Hecht, J. L., and Ford, T. M., SPE Tech. Pap., 31, 777 (1985).
Hirakawa, S., Haraguchi, M., and Yasinawa, M., Rep. Progr. Polym. Phys. Japan, 28, 171 (1985).
Hobbs, S. Y., Bopp, R. C., and Watkins, V. H., Polym. Eng. Sci., 23, 380 (1983).
Hobbs, S. Y., Dekkers, M. E. J., and Watkins, V. H., Polym. Bull., 17, 341 (1987).
Hobbs, S. Y., Stanley, T., and Phansteil, O., Polym. Prepr., 33 (2), 614 (1992).
Hooley, C. J., Moore, D. R., and Whale, M., Plast. Rubber Process Appl. 345, 1 (1981).
Hourston, D. J., Lane, S., and Zhang, H. S., Polymer, 32, 2215 (1991).
Howe, D. V., and Wolkowicz, M. D., Polym. Eng. Sci., 27, 1582 (1987).
Huang, Z., and Wang, L., Makromol. Rapid Commun. 7, 255 (1986).
Ide, F., and Hasegawa, A., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 18, 963 (1974).
Iida, H., Kometani, K., and Yanagi, M., U.S.Pat. 4,284,540, Aug 18, 1981, App. Apr 16, 1980, to Toray Co.
Jager, H., Vorenkamp, E. J., and Challa, G., Polym. Commun., 24, 290 (1983).
Jalbert, R. L., and Grant, T. S., U.S. Pat. 4,654,405, Mar 31, 1987, App. Dec 5, 1985, to Borg-Warner Co.
Jang, B. Z., Uhlman, D. R., and VanderSande, J., Polym. Eng. Sci. 25 (10), 643 (1985).
Jones, A. A., Macromolecules 18, 902 (1985).
Kalfouglou, N. K., Angew. Makromol. Chem., 118, 19 (1983).
Kambour, R. P., Bopp, R. C., Maconnachie, A., and McKnight, W. J., Polymer, 21, 133 (1980).
Kay, P. J., and Ouhadi, T., J. Elastomers and Plast., 23, 282 (1991).
Keitz, J. D., Barlow, J. W., and Paul, D. R., J. App. Polym. Sci., 29, 3131 (1984).
Kim, W. N., and Burns, C. M., J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys., 28, 1409 (1990).
Kim, W. N., and Burns, C. M., Polym. Eng. Sci., 28, 1115 (1988).
Kinloch, A. J., and Young, R. J., “Fracture Behavior of Polymers” Applied Science Publishers, N.Y. (1983).
Kircher, K., Kunststoffe, 80, 1113 (1990).
Kirkpatrick, J., Modic, M., and Gilmore, D., in Proceed. of Compalloy, Schotland Business Research Inc, rinceton, N.J. (1989).
Kossoff, R. M., “Future of Plastics Alloys” -III, International Strategic Plastics Reports, R. M. Kossoff Associates, ew York (1987).
Kozielski, G. P., Plast. Tech., Oct, 73 (1988).
Krause, S. M. “Compatible Polymers” Ch. VI, p. 347 in Polymer Handbook, Brandrup, J., and Immergut, E. H., Eds., John Wiley & Sons, New York (1989).
Krause, S., Macromol. J., Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem., C-7, 251 (1972).
Kray, R. J., and Bellet, R. J., U.S. Pat. 3,388,186, June 11, 1968, Appl. Mar 2, 1965, to Allied Chemical Co.
Kresge, E. N., in “Polymer Blends” vol. 2, Paul, D. R., and Newman, S., Eds., Academic Press, New York (1978).
Krizan, T. D., Coburn, J. C., and Blatz, P. S., Polym. Prepr., 30, 9 (1989).
Ku, P. L., Adv. Polym. Technol., 8 (3), 201 (1985).
Kusumgar, R., U.S. Pat. 4,713,414, Dec 15, 1987, Appl. July 16, 1986, to Celanese Co.
Landers, L., Schmitt, J., and Terenzi, J., U.S. Pat. 3,354,238, Nov 21, 1967, Appl. Dec 20, 1966, to American Cyana-mid Corp.
Lavengood, R. E., and Silver, F. M., SPE RETEC ‘87, 266 (1987).
Lavengood, R. E., and Silver, F. M., SPE Tech. Pap., 33,1369 (1987).
Lavengood, R. E., Patel, R., and Padwa, A. R., U.S. Pat. 4,777,211, Oct 11, 1988, App. July 9, 1986, to Monsanto Co.
Lavengood, R. E., Harris, A. F., and Padwa, A. R., Europ. Pat., Appl. 202,214, Nov 20, 1986, Appl. May 9, 1986, to Monsanto Co.
Lee, G. F., Jr., U.S. Pat. 4,972,021, Nov 20, 1990, Appl. Sep 14, 1988, to General Electric Co.
Lee, Y. C., and Trementozzi, Q., U.S. Pat. 4,305,869, Dec 15, 1981, App. Dec 17, 1979, to Monsanto Co.
Legras, R., Bailley, C., Daumerie, M., Dekoninck, J., Mercier, J., Zichy, V., and Nield, E., Polymer, 25, 835 (1984).
Li, H. M., and Wong, A. H., MMI Press Symp. Ser. Vol. 2, Harwood Academic, New York (1982).
Liu, P., and Overton, D., U.S. Pat. 4,532,282, July 1985, Appl. Mar 16, 1983, to General Electric Co.
Liu, W. L., Ger. Pat. 3,728,685, Mar 10, 1988, Appl. Aug 27, 1987, to Rohm and Haas Co. 1987, to Rohm and Haas Co.
Loomis, G. L., and Statz, R. J., U.S. Pat. 4,613,533, Sep 1986, App. July 1982, to DuPont Co.
Mack, W. A., Mod. Plast., 48 (8), 62 (1971).
Mason, C. D., and Tuller, H. W., U.S. Pat. 4,404,325, Sep 13, 1983, Appl. May 11, 1981 to AlliedSignal Inc.
Matsuo, M., Japan Plastics 2, 6 (1968).
Matsuo, M., Nozaki, C., and Jyo, Y., Polym. Eng. Sci., 9, 197 (1969).
McAdams, L. V., and Gamon, J., in Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology, 6, 363, Mark, H. F, Bikales, N, Overberger, C. G., and Menges, G., Eds., John Wiley, New York (1985).
McDougle, S. M., S.P.E. Tech. Pap., 13, 596 (1967).
McGarry, F. J., and Willner, A. M., Research Report RJ-68-8, School of Eng., M.I.T., Cambridge, MA (1968).
Mellinger, G. A., Giles Jr, H. F., Holub, F., and Schlich, W. R., U.S. Pat. 4,548,997, Oct 22, 1985, App. May 22, 1984, to General Electric Co.
Mijovic, J., Luo, H. L., and Han, C. D., Polym. Eng. Sci., 22, 234 (1982).
Mohn, R. N., Paul, D. R., Barlow, J. W., and Cruz, C. A., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 23, 575 (1979).
Mondragon, I., Gartelumindi, M., and Nazabal, J., Polym. Eng. Sci., 28, 1126 (1989).
Moody, B. W., SPE. Tech. Pap. 50, 1416 (1992).
Morbitzer, L., Kress, H. J., Lindner, C., and Ott, K. H., Angew Makromol. Chem., 132,19 (1983).
Murch, L. E., U.S. Pat. 3,845,163, Oct 29, 1974, App. Jan 24, 1966, to DuPont Co.
Murff, S. R., Barlow, J. W., and Paul D. R., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 29, 3231 (1984).
Murphy, C. V., SPE Tech. Pap., 31, 73 (1986).
Nakamura, Y., Hasegawa, R., and Kubota, H., U.S. Pat., 3,864,428, Feb 4, 1975, App. Aug 27, 193, to Teijin Ltd.
Nassar, T. R., Paul, D. R., and Barlow, J. W., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 23, 85 (1979).
Neuray, D., and Ott, K. H., Angew. Makromol. Chem., 98, 23 (1981).
Perron, P. J., Adv. Polymer Technol., 6, 79 (1984).
Perron, P. J., U.S. Pat. 4,782,114, Nov 1, 1988, Appl. Oct 3, 1986, to Dexter Corp.
Pittenger, E., and Cohan, G., Mod. Plastics., 25(1), 81 (1947).
Pittenger, E., and Cohan, G., Rubber Age., 61, 563 (1947).
Plochocki, A. P., “Polyolefin Blends”, Ch. 21, p. 223 in “Polymer Blends” Vol. 2, Paul D. R., and Newman, S., Eds., Academic Press, New York (1978).
Porter, R. S., and Wang, L. H., Polymer, 33, 2019 (1992).
Pratt, C. F., and Hobbs, S. Y., Polymer, 17, 12 (1976).
Priest, W. M., and Porter, R. S., J. Polym. Sci. -Polym. Chem., 10, 1639 (1972).
Ramsteiner, F., and Heckmann, W., Polym. Commun. 26, 199 (1985).
Ranby, G. G., J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Symp., 51, 89 (1975).
Rellick, G. S., and Runt, J., Proceeds. ACS PSME, 52, 331 (1985).
Riew, C. K., Rowe, E. H., and Siefert, A. R., ACS Adv. Chem. Ser., 154, 326 (1976).
Rifi, M. R., Fieker, H. K., and Walker, D. A., Mod Plast., 62 (2), 62 (1987).
Robeson, L. M., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 30, 4081 (1985).
Robeson, L. M., U.S. Pat., 4,532,288, July 30, 1985, App. Jan 29, 1982, to Union Carbide Co.
Runt, J., Lei, D., Martynowicz, L. M., Brezny, D. M., and Mayo, M., Macromolecules, 22, 3908 (1989).
Saito, K., High Polymers Japan, 22, 463 (1973).
Sakano, H., Kodama M., Shoji, T., and Yoshida I., U.S. Pat. 4,228,051, Oct 14, 1980, Appl. July 31, 1979 to Sumitomo Chem., Co.
Salay, J., and Dougherty, D. J., p. 94 in “Modern Plastics Encyclopedia”, McGraw Hill, Inc., New York (1992).
Saltman, R., and Varnell, B., SPE Tech. Pap., 34, 1725 (1988).
Saltman, R, U.S. Pat.., 5,091,478, Feb 25, 1992, App. May 21, 1990, to DuPont Co.
Schmidt, L. R., J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 23, 2463 (1979).
Schuett, W., McKee, E., Hilt, A., Gorissen, H., and Heinz, G.,Ger. Pat. 3,441,547 to BASF Co. (1986).
Schulz, A. R., and Gendron, B. M., J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 16, 461 (1972).
Schut, H. H., Plastics Technol., 39 (3), 29 (1993).
Schut, J. H., Plastic Technol., 38 (7), 31 (1992).
Schut, J., Plast. World, April 1996, 41.
Shaw, M. T., Polym. Eng. Sci., 22, 115 (1992).
Sherman, L., Plast. Technol., October 1997, 17.
Shih, C. K., in Proceed. of Compalloy, Schotland Inc., Princeton, N.J. (1990).
Shur, Y. J., and Ranby, B. G., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 20, 3721 (1976).
Smith, W. A., Barlow, J. W., and Paul, D. R., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 26, 4223 (1981).
Spencer, L. R., p. 128 in “Modern Plastics Encyclopedia”, McGraw Hill Inc., New York (1991).
Speri, W. M., and Patrick, G. R., Polym. Eng. Sci., 15, 668 (1975).
SRI, Report on Compounding of Engineering Thermoplastics, SRI International, Menlo Park, California (1992).
SRI, Report on World Petrochemicals, SRI International, Menlo Park, California (1992).
Srinivasan, S., p. 103 in “Modern Plastics Encyclopedia ‘92”, McGraw Hill, New York
Steinkamp, U.S. Pat. 3,953, 655, Apr 27, 1976, App. Apr 9, 1971, to Exxon Co.
Suarez, H., and Barlow, J. W., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 29, 3253 (1984).
Subramanian, P. M., Polym. Eng. Sci., 25, 483 (1985).
Subramanian, P. M., U.S. Pat. 4,444,817, Apr 24, 1984, App. Sep 29, 1982, to DuPont. Co.
Takayanagi, M., Ogata, T., Morikawa, M., and Kai, T., J. Macromol. Sci., Phys, B 17, 591 (1980).
Takeda, Y., and Paul, D. R., Polymer, 33, 3899 (1992).
Traugott, T. D., in “Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology”, 2nd Ed, vol. 16, p. 83, Mark, H., Bikales, N., Overberger, C., and Menges, G., Eds., John Wiley and Sons, New York (1985).
Tremblay, C., and Prud’homme, R. E., J. Polym. Sci.-Polym. Phys., 22, 1857 (1984).
Ueno, K., and Maruyama, T., U.S. Pat., 4,315,086, Feb 9, 1982, App. July 16, 1980, to Sumitomo Chemical Co.
Utracki, L. A., Commercial Polymer Blends, Chapman and Hall, London (1998).
VanKrevelen, D. W., Properties of Polymers, 3rd Ed., Elsevier Publishing Co., Amsterdam (1990).
Wahrmund, D. C., Paul, D. R., and Barlow, J. W., J. Polym. Sci., 22,. 2155 (1978).
Wallace, J. G., in “Modern Plastics Encyclopedia”, p. 100, McGraw Hill, New York (1992).
Walsh, D. G., and McKeown J. G., Polymer, 21, 1220 (1980); ibid., 1335 (1980).
Walsh, D. J., and Cheng, G. L., Polymer, 25, 495 (1984).
Wambach, A., in “Modern Plastics Encyclopedia”, p. 95, McGraw Hill, New York (1992).
Weber, C. A., and Paige, W., U.S. Pat., 4,624,986, Nov 25, 1986, Appl. Aug 7, 1984, to Dow Chemical Co.
Weber, G. A., and Schoeps, J., Angew. Makromol., Chem., 136, 45 (1985).
Weeks, N. E., Karasz, F. E., and McKnight, W. J., J. Appl. Phys, 48, 4068 (1977).
Wenig, W., and Schoeller, T., Angew, Makromol. Chem., 130, 155 (1985).
White, D. M., and Hallgreen, J. E., J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem., 21, 2921 (1983).
Wigotsky, V., Plast. Eng, July 1995, p. 15
Witman, M. W, Eur. Pat. Appl. (05) 0036127, Sep 23, 1981; Appl. Mar 4, 1981, to Mobay Chemical Co.
Wu, S., in “Polymer Handbook”, Ch. VI, Brandrup, J., and Immergut, E. H., Eds., 3rd Edn., John Wiley and Sons, New York (1989).
Wu, S., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 35, 549 (1988).
Wu, S., Polymer, 26, 1855 (1985).
Yee, A. F., Polym. Eng. Sci., 17(3), 213 (1977).
Yee, A. F., Proceed. of Int. Conf. on Toughening of Plastics -II, London (1985).
Yeh, Po-Len and Bisley, A. W, Plast. and Rubber Processing and Applications, 5, 249 (1985).
Zakrzewski, G. A., Polymer, 14, 347 (1973).
Zamora, M. P., and Miller, T., Plast. Eng., May 1997, 75.
Zimmerman, J., Pearce, E. M., Miller, I. K., Muzzio, J. A., Epstein, I. G., and Hosegood, E. A., J. Appl. Polymnn Scin, 17, 849 (1973).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this entry
Cite this entry
Akkapeddi, M.K. (2003). Commercial Polymer Blends. In: Utracki, L.A. (eds) Polymer Blends Handbook. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48244-4_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48244-4_15
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-1114-6
Online ISBN: 978-0-306-48244-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive