From high tech to human tech: Empowerment, measurement, and social studies of computing

• Adler, P. S. (1993): Time-and-motion regained.Harvard Business Review, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 97–108.

  Google Scholar 

• Agre, P. E. (1994): Surveillance and capture: Two models of privacy.The Information Society, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 101–127.

  Google Scholar 

• Agre, P. E. (1995): Accountability and discipline: A comment on Suchman and Winograd.Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 31–35.

  Google Scholar 

• Allen, J. (1994): Mutual control in the newly integrated work environments.The Information Society, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 129–138.

  Google Scholar 

• Armstrong, D. M. (1992):Managing by Storying Around. New York: Doubleday.

  Google Scholar 

• Bachrach, P. and Botwinick, A. (1992):Power and Empowerment: A Radical Theory of Participatory Democracy. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Bannon, L. (1991): From human factors to human actors: The role of psychology and human-computer interaction studies in systems design. InDesign at Work: Cooperative Design of Computer Systems, eds. Joan M. Greenbaum and Morten Kyng. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

  Google Scholar 

• Barker, J. R. (1993): Tightening the iron cage: Concertive control in self-managing teams.Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 408–437.

  Google Scholar 

• Barnard, C. I. (1962):The Functions of the Executive, Cambridge: Harvard University Press. (Originally published in 1938).

  Google Scholar 

• Bendix, R. (1956):Work and Authority in Industry: Ideologies of Management in the Course of Industrialization. Berkeley: University of California Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Berk, J. and Berk, S. (1993):Total Quality Management: Implementing Continuous Improvement. New York: Sterling.

  Google Scholar 

• Blanchard, K., Carew, D. and Parisi-Carew, E., eds (1990):The One Minute Manager Builds High-Performance Teams. New York: Morrow.

  Google Scholar 

• Block, P. (1981):Flawless Consulting: A Guide to Getting Your Expertise Used. Austin: Learning Concepts.

  Google Scholar 

• Block, P. (1987):The Empowered Manager: Positive Political Skills at Work. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

  Google Scholar 

• Bowers, J. (1992): The politics of formalism. InContexts of Computer-Mediated Communication, ed. Martin Lea. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, pp. 232–261.

  Google Scholar 

• Boyett, J. H., Schwartz, S., Osterwise, L. and Bauer, R. (1993):The Quality Journey: How Wining the Baldrige Sparked the Remaking of IBM. New York: Dutton.

  Google Scholar 

• Braverman, H. (1974):Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century. New York: Monthly Review Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Butler, S. M. ed. (1990):Agenda for Empowerment:Readings in American Government and the Policy Process. Washington, DC: Heritage Foundation.

  Google Scholar 

• Button, G. (1990): Going up a blind alley: Conflating conversation analysis and computational modelling. InComputers and Conversation, eds. Paul Luff, Nigel Gilbert, and David Frohlich. London: Academic Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Button, G. (1993):Technology in Working Order: Studies of Work, Interaction, and Technology: London: Routledge.

  Google Scholar 

• Byham, W. C. (1988):Zapp!: The Lightning of Empowerment. New York: Harmony.

  Google Scholar 

• Clarke, R. A. (1989): Information technology and dataveillance.Communications of the ACM, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 498–512.

  Google Scholar 

• Clement, A. (1994): Computing at work: Empowering action by “low-level users”.Communications of the ACM, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 53–63, 105.

  Google Scholar 

• Collins, J. C. and Porras, J. I. (1995):Built to Last: Successful Habits of Visionary Companies. New York: HarperCollins.

  Google Scholar 

• Conrad, C. (1990):Strategic Organizational Communication: An Integrated Perspective. Fort Worth: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.

  Google Scholar 

• Cyert, R. M. and March, J. G. (1963):A Behavioral Theory of the Firm. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

  Google Scholar 

• Davidow, W. H. and Uttal, B. (1990):Total Customer Service: The Ultimate Weapon. New York: Harper.

  Google Scholar 

• Derrida, J. (1978):Writing and Difference, translated from the French by Alan Bass. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Drucker, P. F. (1988): The coming of the new organization.Harvard Business Review, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 45–53.

  Google Scholar 

• Edwards, P. (1995):The Closed World Computers and the Politics of Discourse. MIT Press.

• Edwards, R. (1979):Contested Terrain: The Transformation of the Workplace in the Twentieth Century. New York: Basic Books.

  Google Scholar 

• Feigenbaum, A. V. (1983):Total Quality, Control, third edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.

  Google Scholar 

• Feenberg, A., (1991)Critical Theory of Technology. New York: Oxford University Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Fisher, K. (1993):Leading Self-Directed Work Teams: A Guide to Developing New Team Leadership Skills. New York: McGraw-Hill.

  Google Scholar 

• Fligstein, N. (1990):The Transformation of Corporate Control. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Flores, F. Graves, M., Hartfield, B. and T. Winograd (1988): Computer systems and the design of organizational interaction.ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 153–172.

  Google Scholar 

• Forsythe, D. (1993): Engineering knowledge: The construction of knowledge in artificial intelligence.Social Studies of Science vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 445–477.

  Google Scholar 

• Foucault, M. (1988): Technologies of the self. InTechnologies of the Self: A Seminar with Michel Foucault, eds. Luther H. Martin, Huck Gutman and Patrick H. Hutton. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Frey, R. (1993): Empowerment or else.Harvard Business Review, vol. 71, no. 5, pp. 80–82, 84, 86–89, 92, 94.

  Google Scholar 

• Friedman, A. L. (1977):Industry and Labour: Class Struggle at Work and Monopoly Capitalism. London: Macmillan.

  Google Scholar 

• Friedmann, J. (1992):Empowerment: The Politics of Alternative Development. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.

  Google Scholar 

• Garfinkel, H. (1984):Studies in Ethnomethodology. Polity Press. (Originally published in 1967.)

• Gasser, L. (1986): The integration of computing and routine work.ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 205–225.

  Google Scholar 

• George, J. F. and King, J. L.. (1991): Examining, the computing and decentralization debate.Communications of the ACM, vol. 34, no. 7, pp. 63–72.

  Google Scholar 

• Gilbreth, F. B. (1912):Primer of Scientific Management. New York: Van Nostrand.

  Google Scholar 

• Gilbreth, L. M. (1921):The Psychology of Management: The Function of the Mind in Determining, Teaching and Installing Methods of Least Waste. New York: Macmillan.

  Google Scholar 

• Gordon, D. M., Edwards, R. and M. Reich (1982):Segmented Work, Divided Workers: The Historical Transformation of Labor in the United States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Grant, R. A., Higgins, C. A. and R. H. Irving (1988): Computerized performance monitors: Are they costing you customers?Sloan Management Review, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 39–45.

  Google Scholar 

• Guillén, M. F. (1994):Models of Management: Work, Authority, and Organization in a Comparative Prespective. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Habermas, J. (1987):The Theory of Communicative Action, volume 2: Lifeworld and System: A Critique of Functionalist Reason. Boston: Beacon Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Hales, M. (1986): Management science and the ‘second industrial revolution’. InRadical Science Essays, ed. Les Levidow. London: Free Association Books, pp. 62–87.

  Google Scholar 

• Halpern, D., Osofsky, S. and M. I. Peskin (1989): Taylorism revisited for the 1990s.Industrial Management, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 20–23.

  Google Scholar 

• Haraway, D. (1991):A cyborg manifesto: Science, technology, and socialist-feminism in the late twentieth century, inSimians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. London: Free Association Books.

  Google Scholar 

• Henderson, A. (1991): A development perspective on interface, design, and theory. InDesigning Interaction: Psychology at the Human-Computer Interface, ed. John M. Carroll. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Hirschhorn, L.. (1984):Beyond Mechanization: Work and Technology in a Postindustrial Age. Cambridge: MIT Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Holmes, W. G. (1938):Applied Time and Motion Study. New York: Ronald Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Jablonski, J. R. (1992):Implementing TQM: Competing in the Nineties through Total Quality Management. Second edition. Albuquerque: Technical Management Consortium.

  Google Scholar 

• Johnson, H. T. and R. S. Kaplan (1987):Relevance Lost: The Rise and Fall of Management Accounting. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Johnson, H. T. (1992):Relevance Regained: From Top-Down Control to Bottom-Up Empowerment. New York: Free Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Kaplan, R. S. ed. (1990:Measures for Manufacturing Excellence. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Kaplan, R. S. and D. P. Norton (1993): Putting the balanced scorecard to workHarvard Business Review, vol. 71, no. 5, pp. 134–149.

  Google Scholar 

• Kearns, D. T., and D. A. Nadler (1992):Prophets in the Dark: How Xerox Reinvented Itself and Beat Back the Japanese. New York: Harper.

  Google Scholar 

• Kling, R. and W. Scacchi (1979): Recurrent dilemmas of routine computer use in complex organizations. InProceedings of the AFIPS National Computer Conference 48 Arlington, VA: AFIPS Press, pp. 107–115.

  Google Scholar 

• Kunda, G. (1992):Engineering Culture: Control and Commitment in a High-Tech Corporation. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Lawler III, E. E. (1992):The Ultimate Advantage: Creating the High-Involvement Organization. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

  Google Scholar 

• Leavitt, H. J. and T. L. Whisler (1958): Management in the 1980's.Harvard Management Review, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 41–48.

  Google Scholar 

• Levitt, B. and J. G. March (1988): Organizational learningAnnual Review of Sociology, vol. 14, pp. 319–340.

  Google Scholar 

• Lewin, K. (1951):Field Theory in Social Science: Selected Theoretical Papers, ed. Dorwin Cartwright. New York: Harper.

  Google Scholar 

• Lilienfeld, R. (1978):The Rise of Systems Theory: An Ideological Analysis New York: Wiley.

  Google Scholar 

• Luff, P. Gilbert, N. and D. Frohlich eds. (1990):Computers and Conversation. London: Academic Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Lukács, G. (1971):History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics, translated by Rodney Livingstone. Cambridge: MIT Press (Originally published in German in 1923).

  Google Scholar 

• Malone, T. W. and J. F. Rockart (1993): How will information technology reshape organizations?: Computers as coordination technology. InGlobalization, Technology, and Competition: The Fusion of Computers and Telecommunications in the 1990s, eds. Stephen P. Bradley, Jerry A. Hausman, and Richard L. Nolan. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, pp. 37–56.

  Google Scholar 

• Maslow, A. H. (1954):Motivation and Personality. New York: Harper.

  Google Scholar 

• McGregor, D. (1960):The Human Side of Enterprise. New York: McGraw-Hill.

  Google Scholar 

• Mayo, E. (1933):The Human Problems of an Industrial Civilization New York: Macmillan.

  Google Scholar 

• Medina-Mora, R. Winograd, T. Flores, R. and F. Flores (1992): The action workflow approach to workflow management technology. InProceedings of CSCW-92, Toronto, 1992, pp. 281–288.

• Meyer, C. (1994): How the right measures help teams excel.Harvard Business Review, vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 95–103.

  Google Scholar 

• Miller, A. G. (1991): Transformations of time and space: Oaxaca, Mexico, circa 1500–1700. InImages of Memory: On Remembering and Representation, eds. Susanne Kuchler and Walter Melion. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Montgomery, D. (1987):The Fall of the House of Labor: The Workplace, the State, and American Labor Activism, 1865–1925. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Mullender, A. and D. Ward (1991):Self-Directed Groupwork: Users Take Action, for Empowerment. London: Whiting and Birch.

  Google Scholar 

• Nelson, D. (1980):Frederick W. Taylor and the Rise of Scientific Management. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Nelson, R. R. and S. G. Winter, (1982):An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Noble, D. D. (1989): Cockpit cognition: Education, the military, and cognitive engineering.AI and Society, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 271–296.

  Google Scholar 

• Norman, D. A. (1993):Things That Make Us Smart: Defending Human Attributes in the Age of the Machine, Reading. MA: Addison-Wesley.

  Google Scholar 

• O'Reilly, C. (1989): Corporations, culture, and commitment: Motivation and social control in organizations.California Management Review, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 9–25.

  Google Scholar 

• Parker, M. (1985):Inside the Circle: A Union Guide to QWL. Boston: South End Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Parsons, T. (1937):The Structure of Social Action: A Study in Social Theory with Special Reference to a Group of Recent European Writers. New York: McGraw-Hill.

  Google Scholar 

• Pfaffenberger, B. (1988): The social meaning of the personal computer: or Why the personal computer revolution was no revolution.Anthropological Quarterly, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 39–47.

  Google Scholar 

• Quinn, J. B. (1992):Intelligent Enterprise: A Knowledge and Service Based Paradigm for Industry. New York: Free Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Riessman, F. (1986): The new populism and the empowerment ethos. InThe New Populism: The Politics of Empowerment, eds. Harry C. Boyte and Frank Riessman. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Robinson, M. and L. Bannon (1991): Questioning representations. InECSCW'91: Proceedings of the Second European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, eds. Liam Bannon, Mike Robinson, and Kjeld Schmidt. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

  Google Scholar 

• Rose, N. (1990):Governing the Soul: The Shaping of the Private Self. London: Routledge.

  Google Scholar 

• Roszak, T. (1986):From Satori to Silicon Valley: San Francisco and the American Counterculture. San Francisco: Don't Call It Frisco Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Sabel, C. F. (1982):Work and Politics: The Division of Labor in Industry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Schmidt, K. (1991): Riding the tiger, or computer supported cooperative work. InECSCW'91: Proceedings of the Second European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, eds. Liam Bannon, Mike Robinson, and Kjeld Schmidt Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

  Google Scholar 

• Schmidt, K. and L. Bannon (1992): Taking CSCW seriously: Supporting articulation work.Computer Supported Cooperative Work, vol. 1, nos. 1–2 pp. 7–40.

  Google Scholar 

• Schutz, A. (1967):The Phenomenology of the Social World (translated by George Walsh and Frederick Lehnert). Evanston: Northwestern University Press (Originally published in German in 1932).

  Google Scholar 

• Scribner, S. (1984): Studying working intelligence InEveryday Cognition: Its Development in Social Context eds. Barbara Rogoff and Jean Lave. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Shaw, A. G. (1952):The Purpose and Practice of Motion Study. Manchester: Harlequin.

  Google Scholar 

• Shores, A. R. (1990):A TQM Approach to Achieving Manufacturing Excellence. Milwaukee: Quality Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Simon, H. A. (1947):Administrative Behavior: A Study of Decision-Making Processes in Administrative Organization. New York: Macmillan.

  Google Scholar 

• Simon, H. A. (1960): The New Science of Management Decision, New York: Harper and Row.

  Google Scholar 

• Simondon, G. (1958):La Mode d'Existence, des Objets Techniques Paris: Aubier.

  Google Scholar 

• Simons, R. (1995): Control in an age of empowerment.Harvard Business Review, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 80–88.

  Google Scholar 

• Star, S. Leigh (1989a): Layered space, formal representations and long-distance control: The politics of information.Fundamenta Scientiae, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 125–155.

  Google Scholar 

• Star, S. Leigh (1989b): The structure of ill-strured solutions: boundary objects and heterogeneous distributed problem solving. InDistributed Artificial Intelligence, Volume II, eds. Les Gasser and Michael N. Huhns. San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann pp. 37–54.

  Google Scholar 

• Stinchcombe, A. L. (1990):Information and Organizations Berkeley: University of California Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Suchman, L. and B. Jordan (1989): Computerization and women's knowledge. InWomen, Work and computerization: Forming New Alliances, eds. Kea Tijdens, Mary Jennings, Ina Wagner, and Margaret Weggelaar. Amsterdam: North-Holland.

  Google Scholar 

• Suchman, L. (1992): Technologies of accountability: Of lizards and aeroplanes. InTechnology in Working Order: Studies of Work, Interaction, and Technology, ed. Graham Button London: Routledge.

  Google Scholar 

• Suchman, L. (1994): Do categories have politics?: The language/action perspective reconsidered.Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 177–190.

  Google Scholar 

• Szasz, A. (1994):Ecopopulism: Toxic Waste and the movement for Environmental Justice. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Taylor, F.W. (1923):The Principles of Scientific Management. New York: Harper.

  Google Scholar 

• Thompson, P. (1989):The Nature of Work: An Introduction to Debates on the Labour Process, second edition. London: Macmillan.

  Google Scholar 

• Trist, E. (1981).The Evolution of Socio-Technical Systems: A Conceptual Framework and an Action Research Program. Toronto: Ontario Ministry of Labour.

  Google Scholar 

• Waring, S. P. (1991):Taylorism Transformed: Scientific Management Theory Since 1945. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Weisbord, M. R. (1991):Productive Workplaces: Organizing and Managing for Dignity, Meaning, and Community. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

  Google Scholar 

• Wellins, R. S. Byham, W. C. and J. M. Wilson (1991):Empowered Teams: Creating Self-Directed Work Groups that Improve Quality, Productivity, and Participation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

  Google Scholar 

• Whalley, P. (1986): Markets, managers, and technical autonomy.Theory and Society, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 223–247.

  Google Scholar 

• Winograd, T. (1994): Categories, descriptions, and social coordination,Computer Supported Cooperative Work vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 191–197.

  Google Scholar 

• Zimbalist, A. (1975): The limits of work humanization.Review of Radical Political Economics, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 50–59.

  Google Scholar 

Download references