Mihajlo Pupin
Knowledge is the golden ladder over which we climb to heaven;
knowledge is the light which illuminates our path through this life
and leads to a future life of everlasting glory.
From Immigrant to Inventor, Michael Idvorsky Pupin
Michael (Mihajlo) Pupin was born on 9 October 1854 in Idvor. During that time a little village Idvor was a part of the Austrian Empire, district called Banat military border. Today Idvor is an integral part of Banat and the Republic of Serbia in the province of Vojvodina.
Mihajlo Pupin was a famous American scientist, inventor and professor of Serbian origin.
Early, like a little child, Michael Pupin showed his intellectual talents and his parents sent him to school, first in Panchevo (Pančevo), then in Prague. After the death of his father he left for America in 1874. In 1879 he was able to enroll in Columbia College. His intelectual tenacity became apparent very early on and his desire to progress. After completing college, in 1883, he continued his education at Cambridge until 1885. Eager for further improvement, as the first winner of Tindal scholarship, he went to Berlin, to learn by the side of Hermann von Helmholtz. Berlin was the epicenter of the experimental physics of that time. Michael Pupin received his doctorate in 1889.
Michael Pupin returned to New York, at Columbia College, where he and his colleague Francis Crocker founded the first chair of electrical engineering in the United States. Before returning to the United States, in 1888, he married Sarah Catherine Johnson (1859-1896), with whom he had a daughter Varvara (Barbara, 1889-1962). Since 1896 till 1929 Michael Pupin spent his entire working life at the Columbia College (Columbia University from 1896).
Michael Pupin was one of the founders of the American Physical Society in 1899 (APS was established on May 20th in Pupin’s laboratory at Columbia University). He was and one of the first members of the American Mathematical Society.
Michael Pupin was a member of the first council for the establishment of NACA (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, 1915), from which, later (in 1958), formed NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration).
Michael Pupin is a winner of the Pulitzer Prize in 1924 for his autobiography From Immigrant to Inventor. He has and 3 more books: Thermodynamics of Reversible Cycles in Gases and Saturated Vapors (1894), The New Reformation; from Physical to Spiritual Realities (1927), Romance of the Machine (1930).
He is a holder of 18 recognized honorary doctorates.
He got 7 valuable awards: Eliot Kresson Medal of Franklin Institute (1902), Herbert award of French academy (1916), Edison's medal of American Institute of Electrical Engineers (1919), Honorable medal of American Radio Institute (1924), Honorable medal of Institute of Social Sciences (1924), Prize George Washington from Western Association of Engineers (1928), Medal John Fritz from four American National Association Engineers Electromechanics (1931).
He got and 2 valuable medals: White eagle, first degree, from Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929); White lion, first degree, from Czechoslovak Republic (1929).
Michael Pupin was a president of: AIEE (American Institute of Electrical Engineers, 1925-26), IRE (Institute of Radio Engineers, 1917), The New York Academy of Sciences (1916), President of American Association for the Advancement of Sciences (1925-26), University Club (1930-31).
He was a member of: the National Academy of Sciences (USA), the American Mathematical Society, the American Physical Society, the American Philosophical Society, the French Academy of Sciences, the Serbian Academy of Sciences, Honorary member of German Electrical Society, Honorary member of American Institute of Electrical Engineers.
Mihajlo Pupin had accepted 35 of the patent in the United States and 6 in United Kingdom, and including analogs in ten different countries accepted him 133 patents. It is famous for patents: Pupin coil, modulator frequencies and electric resonator. He found a quick way to record using X-ray, a few months after the announcement of the discovery of Roentgen X-ray and found a secondary H-beams.
The building of the Institute of Physics at Columbia University, which was built in 1927, still bears his name Pupin Hall. Mihajlo Pupin was the fouder of the first Laboratory of Physics which was also first one of that kind in America and at Columbia University bears the name Pupin Laboratory. In his honor the Columbia University named their most prestigious prizes award Pupin’ş award in 1958.
A small Lunar impact crater, in the eastern part of the Mare Imbrium, was named in his honor also.
Mihajlo Pupin died in New York City in 1935 and was interred at Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx.
Supervisors: Dragoljub A. Cucich (Cucić)
knowledge is the light which illuminates our path through this life
and leads to a future life of everlasting glory.
From Immigrant to Inventor, Michael Idvorsky Pupin
Michael (Mihajlo) Pupin was born on 9 October 1854 in Idvor. During that time a little village Idvor was a part of the Austrian Empire, district called Banat military border. Today Idvor is an integral part of Banat and the Republic of Serbia in the province of Vojvodina.
Mihajlo Pupin was a famous American scientist, inventor and professor of Serbian origin.
Early, like a little child, Michael Pupin showed his intellectual talents and his parents sent him to school, first in Panchevo (Pančevo), then in Prague. After the death of his father he left for America in 1874. In 1879 he was able to enroll in Columbia College. His intelectual tenacity became apparent very early on and his desire to progress. After completing college, in 1883, he continued his education at Cambridge until 1885. Eager for further improvement, as the first winner of Tindal scholarship, he went to Berlin, to learn by the side of Hermann von Helmholtz. Berlin was the epicenter of the experimental physics of that time. Michael Pupin received his doctorate in 1889.
Michael Pupin returned to New York, at Columbia College, where he and his colleague Francis Crocker founded the first chair of electrical engineering in the United States. Before returning to the United States, in 1888, he married Sarah Catherine Johnson (1859-1896), with whom he had a daughter Varvara (Barbara, 1889-1962). Since 1896 till 1929 Michael Pupin spent his entire working life at the Columbia College (Columbia University from 1896).
Michael Pupin was one of the founders of the American Physical Society in 1899 (APS was established on May 20th in Pupin’s laboratory at Columbia University). He was and one of the first members of the American Mathematical Society.
Michael Pupin was a member of the first council for the establishment of NACA (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, 1915), from which, later (in 1958), formed NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration).
Michael Pupin is a winner of the Pulitzer Prize in 1924 for his autobiography From Immigrant to Inventor. He has and 3 more books: Thermodynamics of Reversible Cycles in Gases and Saturated Vapors (1894), The New Reformation; from Physical to Spiritual Realities (1927), Romance of the Machine (1930).
He is a holder of 18 recognized honorary doctorates.
He got 7 valuable awards: Eliot Kresson Medal of Franklin Institute (1902), Herbert award of French academy (1916), Edison's medal of American Institute of Electrical Engineers (1919), Honorable medal of American Radio Institute (1924), Honorable medal of Institute of Social Sciences (1924), Prize George Washington from Western Association of Engineers (1928), Medal John Fritz from four American National Association Engineers Electromechanics (1931).
He got and 2 valuable medals: White eagle, first degree, from Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929); White lion, first degree, from Czechoslovak Republic (1929).
Michael Pupin was a president of: AIEE (American Institute of Electrical Engineers, 1925-26), IRE (Institute of Radio Engineers, 1917), The New York Academy of Sciences (1916), President of American Association for the Advancement of Sciences (1925-26), University Club (1930-31).
He was a member of: the National Academy of Sciences (USA), the American Mathematical Society, the American Physical Society, the American Philosophical Society, the French Academy of Sciences, the Serbian Academy of Sciences, Honorary member of German Electrical Society, Honorary member of American Institute of Electrical Engineers.
Mihajlo Pupin had accepted 35 of the patent in the United States and 6 in United Kingdom, and including analogs in ten different countries accepted him 133 patents. It is famous for patents: Pupin coil, modulator frequencies and electric resonator. He found a quick way to record using X-ray, a few months after the announcement of the discovery of Roentgen X-ray and found a secondary H-beams.
The building of the Institute of Physics at Columbia University, which was built in 1927, still bears his name Pupin Hall. Mihajlo Pupin was the fouder of the first Laboratory of Physics which was also first one of that kind in America and at Columbia University bears the name Pupin Laboratory. In his honor the Columbia University named their most prestigious prizes award Pupin’ş award in 1958.
A small Lunar impact crater, in the eastern part of the Mare Imbrium, was named in his honor also.
Mihajlo Pupin died in New York City in 1935 and was interred at Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx.
Supervisors: Dragoljub A. Cucich (Cucić)
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Papers by Mihajlo Pupin
the activity which we call light, deserves our closest attention. What is light? It is an electromagnetic activity, according to most advanced views; hence the importance of investigating those forms of electromagnetic activities which approach the phenomena of light as near as experimental possibilities of the present day will permit.
The introduction might lead one to expect that Mr. Tesla intends to describe a novel class of high-frequency electrical oscillations for the purpose of illustrating and giving new evidence in favor of the electromagnetic theory of light. In that case one would perhaps feel somewhat disappointed to find that Mr. Tesla's experiments are simply Hertz's experiments in a modified form, a form by which it can be shown that in the first place the Hertzian oscillations enable us to transmit a considerable amount of energy along a single wire, and in the second place that novel vacuum tube effects can be produced by rapid alternations of the electromagnetic field.
But this feeling of disappointment, if it should occur at all, would be soon dispelled and quickly give way to a feeling of admiration for the patient work of an enthusiastic inventor who has brought all the ingenuity of his remarkable engineering skill to bear upon the problem before him, and that problem is contained in the question:--What immediate benefits can modern electrotechnics derive from Hertzian oscillations? This problem Mr. Tesla handles with extraordinary ability.
.
The rules governing the calculation of wave lengths and for determining the attenution constant and the distribution of the coils are the same as are set forth in full in the said Letters Patent, and also in varoius printed publications, among which I will mention particulary my paper titled " Wave Transmission over Non-Uniform Cables and Long-Distance Air Lines"...
further on a hard, heavy cord than on a soft, slack one. But to work out the analogy correctly — to determine the means and manner of loading an electric cable with inductance so that it should correspond to the densified medium and gain increased capacity for transmitting electrical waves—was a signal work of genius. In this article Dr . Pupin gives a general outline of the theory and experiment and a brief concluding measure of its significance.— THE EDITOR
Fifty-two years ago I found my first employment in a factory in New York.
That was my first opportunity to learn how to manage a boiler-room and its engine, and I gladly took it. It gave me the first lesson which taught me that the fire under the boiler supplies the driving power to every machine in the factory in which I was employed. To an untutored Serbian immigrant who had never seen such things in his native village, that was
an awe-inspiring knowledge, and it thrilled me. It stirred my emotions and
my imagination, and I almost became a fire-worshipper.
those features of it which have a more or less direct practical bearing.
These relations are statements of experimental facts which we know to hold true for constant and slowly varying forces. The object of this investigation is to show the exact position which this law occupies in Maxwell's electro-magnetic theory; to point out its limitations; to show that Maxwell's electromagnetic theory of light demands a more general form of this law; and finally, to present a general form of this law of which
both its ordinary form and also those forms which were assumed hypothetically in some of the recent developments of the electro· magnetic theory of light are special cases.
errors into this method. These errors can be reduced to any desirable limit by employing alternating currents of appropriate frequency.
of experimental researches bearing upon it. It also describes an experimental verification of long-distance telephony over non uniform cables.
the activity which we call light, deserves our closest attention. What is light? It is an electromagnetic activity, according to most advanced views; hence the importance of investigating those forms of electromagnetic activities which approach the phenomena of light as near as experimental possibilities of the present day will permit.
The introduction might lead one to expect that Mr. Tesla intends to describe a novel class of high-frequency electrical oscillations for the purpose of illustrating and giving new evidence in favor of the electromagnetic theory of light. In that case one would perhaps feel somewhat disappointed to find that Mr. Tesla's experiments are simply Hertz's experiments in a modified form, a form by which it can be shown that in the first place the Hertzian oscillations enable us to transmit a considerable amount of energy along a single wire, and in the second place that novel vacuum tube effects can be produced by rapid alternations of the electromagnetic field.
But this feeling of disappointment, if it should occur at all, would be soon dispelled and quickly give way to a feeling of admiration for the patient work of an enthusiastic inventor who has brought all the ingenuity of his remarkable engineering skill to bear upon the problem before him, and that problem is contained in the question:--What immediate benefits can modern electrotechnics derive from Hertzian oscillations? This problem Mr. Tesla handles with extraordinary ability.
.
The rules governing the calculation of wave lengths and for determining the attenution constant and the distribution of the coils are the same as are set forth in full in the said Letters Patent, and also in varoius printed publications, among which I will mention particulary my paper titled " Wave Transmission over Non-Uniform Cables and Long-Distance Air Lines"...
further on a hard, heavy cord than on a soft, slack one. But to work out the analogy correctly — to determine the means and manner of loading an electric cable with inductance so that it should correspond to the densified medium and gain increased capacity for transmitting electrical waves—was a signal work of genius. In this article Dr . Pupin gives a general outline of the theory and experiment and a brief concluding measure of its significance.— THE EDITOR
Fifty-two years ago I found my first employment in a factory in New York.
That was my first opportunity to learn how to manage a boiler-room and its engine, and I gladly took it. It gave me the first lesson which taught me that the fire under the boiler supplies the driving power to every machine in the factory in which I was employed. To an untutored Serbian immigrant who had never seen such things in his native village, that was
an awe-inspiring knowledge, and it thrilled me. It stirred my emotions and
my imagination, and I almost became a fire-worshipper.
those features of it which have a more or less direct practical bearing.
These relations are statements of experimental facts which we know to hold true for constant and slowly varying forces. The object of this investigation is to show the exact position which this law occupies in Maxwell's electro-magnetic theory; to point out its limitations; to show that Maxwell's electromagnetic theory of light demands a more general form of this law; and finally, to present a general form of this law of which
both its ordinary form and also those forms which were assumed hypothetically in some of the recent developments of the electro· magnetic theory of light are special cases.
errors into this method. These errors can be reduced to any desirable limit by employing alternating currents of appropriate frequency.
of experimental researches bearing upon it. It also describes an experimental verification of long-distance telephony over non uniform cables.
experimental evidences bearing upon this point. Hertz's experiments in Carlsruhe are first discussed and his early failures in arriving at a satisfactory result are pointed out.
The revelations of science during the last four hundred years succeeded each other like so many acts of a cosmic drama. Each act revealed a new physical reality which advanced man’s understanding of nature’s language, the language of the cosmic drama.
Када се осврнем и погледам како је ова књига нарасла за време од како је пишем — а на то сам уложио преко годину дана - чини ми се да би се сврха њена најбоље описала овим речима у почетку Једанаесте Главе: "Главна сврха мога приповедања била је да опишем дивну појаву идеализма у американској науци, поглавито у природним наукама и у индустријама које су у вези с њима.
Својим сам очима посматрао како је дошао до те појаве и како се она постепено развијала. Све што сам до сада говорио, био је покушај да о томе дам ону сведоџбу коју може дати само стручњак, човек позван да о тим стварима говори. Али има много других американских научњака који су још више позвани да о овоме послу кажу свој суд; научњака чија је реч претежнија. Зашто, онда, да о идеализму у американској науци говори један научњак који је
свој живот овде почео као српски усељеник, крај толиких рођених американских научњака, који о том предмету знају много више него ја? Ко је довде пратио моја излагања, одговор на то питање наћи ће сам. Подвући ћу овде само ту околност, да извесни психолошки разлози поткрепљују моје мишљење: да има прилика које падају у очи усељенику, док умичу погледу синова неке земље. Ко види, тај и верује. Нека говори онај који има вере, само ако има неку испоруку."
Михајло Пупин
"From Immigrant to Inventor" has met with a reception which is certainly very gratifying. Evidently it conveyed a message which was timely. Hundreds of letters which I have received since the book was published, eighteen months ago, convince me that the message was particularly welcome to the youth of this country. It was intended for them, and I am certainly happy in the knowledge that it found in their hearts an enthusiastic response. Teachers of science and of religion have also assured me that they, too, found in the book a welcome
message, and urged that a less expensive edition of it be published, so as to reach a much wider circle of readers. This edition is a response to these earnest requests. I hope that the new readers of this less expensive edition will find in it just as welcome a message as the
readers of the older editions did.
Michael Pupin,
New York
August 1, 1925
seems desirable, however, to mould our discussion in such a way that it will serve at the same time the very important purpose of forming an introduction to the study of some of the best and most complete works on the subject. The work of K. Clausius {Die mechanische Warmetheorie) is and very probably will always remain the classical treatise on this very important branch of exact sciences. We shall, therefore, adopt the mathematical notation and follow as closely as practicable the method of discussion which is given in this great work of Clausius, who, as you will presently see, is one of the principal founders of the beautiful science of thermodynamics.
Theoretische, mit der Erfahrung direkt vergleichbare, aus den heiden Hauptsatzen der Thermodynamik abgeleitete Schlussfolgerungen uber die Constitution der Salzlösungen sind nicht zahlreich. Dass sie für den besonders der Molekularphysik, von grösser Bedeutung sein können, das zeigen wohl zur Genüge die classischen Arbeiten von Kirchhoff, Gibbs und v. Helmholtz. W enn aber trotzdem die Constitution der Salzlösungen kein beliebtes Thema für den Theoretiker bildete, so mag dies wohl auf den Umstand zurückzuführen sein, dass für Salzlösungen die experimentelle Bestimmung gerade derjenigen physikalischen Grössen, auf die der Theoretiker am häufigsten angewiesen ist, bis jetzt noch ziemlich mangelhaft durchgeführt worden ist. Solche Grössen sind z. B. Dampfspannungsverminderungen, Verdünnungswärme, Verdampfungswärme, Compressibilität u. s. w. als Funktionen der die Salzlösungen vollkommen definirenden Parameter.
Zwei Gründe haben mich bewogen, mich an dieses Thema zu wagen: Erstens glaubte ich, dass man durch die Anwendung der physikalischen Grösse, die Prof. Pfeffer zuerst gründlich untersucht, sorgfältig gemessen und ihr den Namen „Osmotischer Druck“ gegeben hatte, vielleicht einen Schritt weiter in der Kenntniss der Constitution der Salzlösungen machen könnte. Zweitensschien mir die von Prof. v. Helmholtz angegebene Methode (1. c.) ein so zuverlässiger Wegweiser, dass unter ihrer Führung selbst einem weniger erfahrenen Theoretiker erlaubt sein würde, dieses noch ziemlich unbekannte Gebiet zu betreten. Eine unmittelbare Anregung zu diesem Thema gab mir mein hochverehrter Lehrer Herr Prof. Kundt, mit dem ich die neuesten, diesem
Thema verwandten Untersuchungen öfters einer kritischen Besprechung unterzog. Es sei mir erlaubt, ihm hier meinen verbindlichsten Dank auszusprechen.