Within the last quarter of the 19th century, in Timiş County, two agricultural Associations were ... more Within the last quarter of the 19th century, in Timiş County, two agricultural Associations were competing for representing the landowners’ interests: " e Agrarian Society of Timiş County (SAT) and the Association of Agricultors from the Southern Region (AARS). " e former functioned as a quasi-independent subsidiary of the Hungarian National Agrarian Society (SANM), representing the central power and the interests of the large and medium landowners from the Timiş County. In contrast, AARS aimed to represent the small landowners, mainly those of German origin, although, over time, its membership also included wealthy landowners. " e article intends to perform a multidimensional monography, a comparative case study of the two agrarian associations, by using the interdisciplinary methods specifi c to social history, approaching the topic through the lens of social anthropology and combining the results with quantitative data analysis. " e two associations are studie...
A 19. század utolsó harmadában Magyarországon a társadalmi modernizációval egyidejűleg a magyar ... more A 19. század utolsó harmadában Magyarországon a társadalmi modernizációval egyidejűleg a magyar kormányok belekezdtek egy sor intézkedésbe, amelyek az ország nemzetiségi arányait voltak hivatottak megváltoztatni. Az ország lakos-ságának körülbelül felét törvényileg folyamatosan korlátozták nyelvi-kulturális jogai gyakorlásában. A 20. század eleji Magyarországon Temesvár volt az ország egyik regionális központja, melyben a magyar népcsoport nem alkotott többséget a lakosságon belül. Magyarország déli részén a hazai németség egy évszázadon keresztül sike-resen hozott létre egy fejlett ipari, kereskedelmi és pénzügyi központot, melynek gazdasági és szellemi életében a vezető pozíciókat töltötte be. A kiegyezés utáni években Temesvár valahol középtájon helyezkedett el a magyarországi városok rangsorában. Az 1880-as évektől megindult moderni-záció alapvető változásokat idézett elő a város népességszámában, valamint nem-zetiségi és felekezeti összetételében. A város lakossága harminc év leforgása alatt lényegében megkétszereződött. Míg 1880-ban csupán 33 694-en éltek itt, a szá-zadfordulón Temesvár már az ország regionális központjai közé emelkedve 1910-ben elérte a 68 471 fős népességet. 1 A nagy ütemű modernizáció egyik velejárója volt a városba való bevándorlás, így az 1890-es népszámlálás szerint a lakosság körülbelül 50%-a más megyében született. A város vonzáskörzetéből, a nem-zetiségi többségű környező megyékből, valamint a fővárosból is érzékelhető az intenzívebb beáramlás. Kiemelkedő a bevándorlók között az abszolút többség-ben románok lakta Krassó-Szörényben születettek száma (3248 fő), továbbá a torontáliaké (2785 fő) és a fővárosiaké (2397 fő). Az Arad megyei születésű lakosok száma is viszonylag magas (1576 fő), illetve az átlagnál magasabb szám-ban voltak jelen a Csongrád megyei születésű lakosok is (284 fő). A többi vár-megye lakói ennél sokkal kisebb arányban képviseltették magukat. Végül pedig viszonylag nagy számban találunk a Monarchia nyugati részén született lako-sokat (1075 fő), közülük a legtöbben Alsó-Ausztriából származtak. Ezenkívül a népszámlálás idején 256 külföldi állampolgár is tartózkodott a városban. 2
Tanulmányok Budapest múltjából, 2013. XXXVIII, 175-196 p., 2013
Glimpses into the everyday life of Budapest ’s Bicycle Association /BKE
Cycling was brought to... more Glimpses into the everyday life of Budapest ’s Bicycle Association /BKE
Cycling was brought to Hungary from the United Kingdom during the second half of the 19th
century by representatives of the intellectual bourgeoisie. In the beginning, it was used as a
means of recreation for the middle classes, in contradistinction to the aristocratic character of
equitation. The pioneer velocipede users founded the first civil associations and organized within
their framework the first cyclist excursions – these being initially combined with photographic
excursions, in order to facilitate the acceptance of the “metal horse” within Budapest’s society.
The excursions were gradually replaced by cyclic competitions with strict regulations, organized within velodromes purposefully designed by these associations. At the time of its creation, BKE
mostly consisted of Budapest’s middle-class youth of German origin. Nonetheless, they decided
to use the Hungarian word “kerékpár” [lit. pair of wheels] in the Association’s name, rather
than the English “bicycle” or the old-fashioned Hungarian “vasparipa” (literally “metal horse”).
Along with the fast increase in the number of cycling associations, Budapest saw the growth of
bicycle and mechanical repair shops, and the imported bicycles were gradually replaced by local
brands, such as “Villám”, “Turul”, “Dalia”, “Attila”, etc.
The development of cycling led to the emergence of velodromes not only in Budapest, but
also in the countryside, these being developed at standards that lent them usable for international
competitions. In 1896, when the Millennium festivities took place, Hungary had no less than 20
velodromes adapted to international competitions.
In the last decade of the 19th century, cycling in Hungary turned professional, and it
remained an exclusivist sport, also due to the fact that its opening towards women needed a
long and difficult battle. Besides, the implementation of a ‘bicycle tax’ and, last but not least, the
development of football as a sport for the masses, led to the first decline of cycling during the
first half of the 20th century.
Within the last quarter of the 19th century, in Timiş County, two agricultural Associations were ... more Within the last quarter of the 19th century, in Timiş County, two agricultural Associations were competing for representing the landowners’ interests: " e Agrarian Society of Timiş County (SAT) and the Association of Agricultors from the Southern Region (AARS). " e former functioned as a quasi-independent subsidiary of the Hungarian National Agrarian Society (SANM), representing the central power and the interests of the large and medium landowners from the Timiş County. In contrast, AARS aimed to represent the small landowners, mainly those of German origin, although, over time, its membership also included wealthy landowners. " e article intends to perform a multidimensional monography, a comparative case study of the two agrarian associations, by using the interdisciplinary methods specifi c to social history, approaching the topic through the lens of social anthropology and combining the results with quantitative data analysis. " e two associations are studie...
A 19. század utolsó harmadában Magyarországon a társadalmi modernizációval egyidejűleg a magyar ... more A 19. század utolsó harmadában Magyarországon a társadalmi modernizációval egyidejűleg a magyar kormányok belekezdtek egy sor intézkedésbe, amelyek az ország nemzetiségi arányait voltak hivatottak megváltoztatni. Az ország lakos-ságának körülbelül felét törvényileg folyamatosan korlátozták nyelvi-kulturális jogai gyakorlásában. A 20. század eleji Magyarországon Temesvár volt az ország egyik regionális központja, melyben a magyar népcsoport nem alkotott többséget a lakosságon belül. Magyarország déli részén a hazai németség egy évszázadon keresztül sike-resen hozott létre egy fejlett ipari, kereskedelmi és pénzügyi központot, melynek gazdasági és szellemi életében a vezető pozíciókat töltötte be. A kiegyezés utáni években Temesvár valahol középtájon helyezkedett el a magyarországi városok rangsorában. Az 1880-as évektől megindult moderni-záció alapvető változásokat idézett elő a város népességszámában, valamint nem-zetiségi és felekezeti összetételében. A város lakossága harminc év leforgása alatt lényegében megkétszereződött. Míg 1880-ban csupán 33 694-en éltek itt, a szá-zadfordulón Temesvár már az ország regionális központjai közé emelkedve 1910-ben elérte a 68 471 fős népességet. 1 A nagy ütemű modernizáció egyik velejárója volt a városba való bevándorlás, így az 1890-es népszámlálás szerint a lakosság körülbelül 50%-a más megyében született. A város vonzáskörzetéből, a nem-zetiségi többségű környező megyékből, valamint a fővárosból is érzékelhető az intenzívebb beáramlás. Kiemelkedő a bevándorlók között az abszolút többség-ben románok lakta Krassó-Szörényben születettek száma (3248 fő), továbbá a torontáliaké (2785 fő) és a fővárosiaké (2397 fő). Az Arad megyei születésű lakosok száma is viszonylag magas (1576 fő), illetve az átlagnál magasabb szám-ban voltak jelen a Csongrád megyei születésű lakosok is (284 fő). A többi vár-megye lakói ennél sokkal kisebb arányban képviseltették magukat. Végül pedig viszonylag nagy számban találunk a Monarchia nyugati részén született lako-sokat (1075 fő), közülük a legtöbben Alsó-Ausztriából származtak. Ezenkívül a népszámlálás idején 256 külföldi állampolgár is tartózkodott a városban. 2
Tanulmányok Budapest múltjából, 2013. XXXVIII, 175-196 p., 2013
Glimpses into the everyday life of Budapest ’s Bicycle Association /BKE
Cycling was brought to... more Glimpses into the everyday life of Budapest ’s Bicycle Association /BKE
Cycling was brought to Hungary from the United Kingdom during the second half of the 19th
century by representatives of the intellectual bourgeoisie. In the beginning, it was used as a
means of recreation for the middle classes, in contradistinction to the aristocratic character of
equitation. The pioneer velocipede users founded the first civil associations and organized within
their framework the first cyclist excursions – these being initially combined with photographic
excursions, in order to facilitate the acceptance of the “metal horse” within Budapest’s society.
The excursions were gradually replaced by cyclic competitions with strict regulations, organized within velodromes purposefully designed by these associations. At the time of its creation, BKE
mostly consisted of Budapest’s middle-class youth of German origin. Nonetheless, they decided
to use the Hungarian word “kerékpár” [lit. pair of wheels] in the Association’s name, rather
than the English “bicycle” or the old-fashioned Hungarian “vasparipa” (literally “metal horse”).
Along with the fast increase in the number of cycling associations, Budapest saw the growth of
bicycle and mechanical repair shops, and the imported bicycles were gradually replaced by local
brands, such as “Villám”, “Turul”, “Dalia”, “Attila”, etc.
The development of cycling led to the emergence of velodromes not only in Budapest, but
also in the countryside, these being developed at standards that lent them usable for international
competitions. In 1896, when the Millennium festivities took place, Hungary had no less than 20
velodromes adapted to international competitions.
In the last decade of the 19th century, cycling in Hungary turned professional, and it
remained an exclusivist sport, also due to the fact that its opening towards women needed a
long and difficult battle. Besides, the implementation of a ‘bicycle tax’ and, last but not least, the
development of football as a sport for the masses, led to the first decline of cycling during the
first half of the 20th century.
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Cycling was brought to Hungary from the United Kingdom during the second half of the 19th
century by representatives of the intellectual bourgeoisie. In the beginning, it was used as a
means of recreation for the middle classes, in contradistinction to the aristocratic character of
equitation. The pioneer velocipede users founded the first civil associations and organized within
their framework the first cyclist excursions – these being initially combined with photographic
excursions, in order to facilitate the acceptance of the “metal horse” within Budapest’s society.
The excursions were gradually replaced by cyclic competitions with strict regulations, organized within velodromes purposefully designed by these associations. At the time of its creation, BKE
mostly consisted of Budapest’s middle-class youth of German origin. Nonetheless, they decided
to use the Hungarian word “kerékpár” [lit. pair of wheels] in the Association’s name, rather
than the English “bicycle” or the old-fashioned Hungarian “vasparipa” (literally “metal horse”).
Along with the fast increase in the number of cycling associations, Budapest saw the growth of
bicycle and mechanical repair shops, and the imported bicycles were gradually replaced by local
brands, such as “Villám”, “Turul”, “Dalia”, “Attila”, etc.
The development of cycling led to the emergence of velodromes not only in Budapest, but
also in the countryside, these being developed at standards that lent them usable for international
competitions. In 1896, when the Millennium festivities took place, Hungary had no less than 20
velodromes adapted to international competitions.
In the last decade of the 19th century, cycling in Hungary turned professional, and it
remained an exclusivist sport, also due to the fact that its opening towards women needed a
long and difficult battle. Besides, the implementation of a ‘bicycle tax’ and, last but not least, the
development of football as a sport for the masses, led to the first decline of cycling during the
first half of the 20th century.
Cycling was brought to Hungary from the United Kingdom during the second half of the 19th
century by representatives of the intellectual bourgeoisie. In the beginning, it was used as a
means of recreation for the middle classes, in contradistinction to the aristocratic character of
equitation. The pioneer velocipede users founded the first civil associations and organized within
their framework the first cyclist excursions – these being initially combined with photographic
excursions, in order to facilitate the acceptance of the “metal horse” within Budapest’s society.
The excursions were gradually replaced by cyclic competitions with strict regulations, organized within velodromes purposefully designed by these associations. At the time of its creation, BKE
mostly consisted of Budapest’s middle-class youth of German origin. Nonetheless, they decided
to use the Hungarian word “kerékpár” [lit. pair of wheels] in the Association’s name, rather
than the English “bicycle” or the old-fashioned Hungarian “vasparipa” (literally “metal horse”).
Along with the fast increase in the number of cycling associations, Budapest saw the growth of
bicycle and mechanical repair shops, and the imported bicycles were gradually replaced by local
brands, such as “Villám”, “Turul”, “Dalia”, “Attila”, etc.
The development of cycling led to the emergence of velodromes not only in Budapest, but
also in the countryside, these being developed at standards that lent them usable for international
competitions. In 1896, when the Millennium festivities took place, Hungary had no less than 20
velodromes adapted to international competitions.
In the last decade of the 19th century, cycling in Hungary turned professional, and it
remained an exclusivist sport, also due to the fact that its opening towards women needed a
long and difficult battle. Besides, the implementation of a ‘bicycle tax’ and, last but not least, the
development of football as a sport for the masses, led to the first decline of cycling during the
first half of the 20th century.