Manasseh was twelve years old when he became king
Manasseh's ascension to the throne at such a young age suggests a period of instability or transition in the kingdom of Judah. His father, Hezekiah, was a righteous king who enacted significant religious reforms, but Manasseh's reign marked a dramatic shift back to idolatry and pagan practices. The age of twelve indicates that he likely relied heavily on advisors, who may have influenced his early decisions. This young age for a king is not unprecedented in the Bible, as seen with Joash, who became king at seven (2 Kings 11:21).

and he reigned in Jerusalem fifty-five years
Manasseh's fifty-five-year reign is the longest of any king in Judah or Israel, indicating a period of relative political stability despite his religious apostasy. This long reign allowed for the entrenchment of idolatrous practices, which had lasting negative effects on Judah. His reign is often seen as a time of moral and spiritual decline, setting the stage for future judgment. The length of his reign is significant in biblical history, as it contrasts with the short reigns of many other kings, highlighting the patience and long-suffering nature of God despite Manasseh's evil actions.

His mother’s name was Hephzibah
The mention of Hephzibah, Manasseh's mother, provides a personal detail that may indicate her influence or status. The name Hephzibah means "My delight is in her," which is also used in Isaiah 62:4 as a symbolic name for Jerusalem, suggesting a connection to the city's destiny. While little is known about her, the inclusion of her name may imply her importance in the royal court or her potential role in Manasseh's upbringing. The naming of mothers in the accounts of kings often highlights their significance in the narrative, whether for their positive or negative influence.

And he did evil in the sight of the LORD
This phrase refers to King Manasseh of Judah, who reigned for 55 years, the longest of any king in Judah or Israel. His actions are described as evil, indicating a direct violation of God's commandments. The "sight of the LORD" emphasizes that God's perspective is the ultimate measure of righteousness, not human standards. This phrase is a recurring theme in the books of Kings, highlighting the moral and spiritual failures of Israel's leaders. Manasseh's reign is marked by idolatry and apostasy, contrasting with the reforms of his father, Hezekiah.

by following the abominations of the nations
The "abominations" refer to detestable practices, often associated with idolatry and pagan worship, which were common among the Canaanite nations. These practices included child sacrifice, divination, and temple prostitution. Manasseh's actions are seen as a return to these pagan customs, which were explicitly condemned in the Mosaic Law (Deuteronomy 18:9-12). This phrase underscores the influence of surrounding cultures on Israel and Judah, leading them away from their covenant relationship with God.

that the LORD had driven out before the Israelites
This refers to the conquest of Canaan, where God commanded the Israelites to dispossess the Canaanite nations due to their wickedness (Deuteronomy 9:4-5). The driving out of these nations was both a fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham and a judgment against the Canaanites' sinful practices. Manasseh's actions are seen as a reversal of this divine judgment, as he reintroduces the very practices that led to the Canaanites' expulsion. This highlights the cyclical nature of sin and the need for continual faithfulness to God's commands.

For he rebuilt the high places that his father Hezekiah had destroyed
Hezekiah, the father of Manasseh, was known for his religious reforms and efforts to centralize worship in Jerusalem, as seen in 2 Kings 18:4. The high places were local worship sites often associated with idolatry and syncretism. Manasseh's rebuilding of these sites signifies a reversal of his father's reforms and a return to idolatrous practices. This act reflects a broader pattern of apostasy in Judah, contrasting with the Deuteronomic ideal of centralized worship in Jerusalem (Deuteronomy 12:2-5).

and he raised up altars for Baal
Baal worship was a persistent issue in Israel and Judah, often associated with fertility rites and pagan practices. The altars for Baal indicate a formal reintroduction of Canaanite religious practices, which were explicitly condemned in the Mosaic Law (Exodus 34:13-14). This action aligns Manasseh with the northern kingdom's practices, particularly those of King Ahab, who institutionalized Baal worship (1 Kings 16:31-33).

He made an Asherah pole, as King Ahab of Israel had done
Asherah poles were wooden symbols associated with the Canaanite goddess Asherah, often placed near altars to Baal. The reference to King Ahab highlights the syncretism and idolatry that characterized his reign, which was condemned by prophets like Elijah (1 Kings 18:19). Manasseh's actions suggest a deliberate emulation of Ahab's idolatrous practices, further indicating a departure from the worship of Yahweh.

and he worshiped and served all the host of heaven
This phrase indicates the introduction of astral worship, which involved the veneration of celestial bodies like the sun, moon, and stars. Such practices were common in the ancient Near East and were explicitly forbidden in the Hebrew Scriptures (Deuteronomy 4:19). This form of idolatry represents a further deviation from monotheistic worship and reflects the influence of surrounding pagan cultures. The worship of the heavenly host is also mentioned in the context of later reforms by King Josiah, who sought to eradicate these practices (2 Kings 23:5).

Manasseh also built altars in the house of the LORD
Manasseh's actions were a direct violation of the First Commandment, which prohibits the worship of other gods. Building altars in the temple, the sacred space dedicated to Yahweh, was an act of desecration. This reflects the syncretism prevalent during his reign, where pagan practices were incorporated into the worship of Yahweh. Historically, Manasseh's reign is noted for its idolatry and apostasy, as he introduced foreign religious practices into Judah, leading the nation away from covenant faithfulness.

of which the LORD had said
This phrase underscores the authority and the specific instructions given by God regarding the temple. The temple was not just a building but a symbol of God's covenant with Israel. The LORD's words are a reminder of the divine mandate and the sacredness of the temple as the dwelling place of God's presence among His people.

“In Jerusalem I will put My Name.”
This statement highlights Jerusalem's unique status as the chosen city where God established His presence. The phrase "put My Name" signifies God's ownership, blessing, and the centrality of Jerusalem in His redemptive plan. It connects to Deuteronomy 12:5, where God instructs Israel to seek the place He will choose to put His Name. This choice of Jerusalem as the spiritual center is fulfilled in the Davidic covenant and ultimately points to the coming of Jesus Christ, who would be crucified and resurrected in this city, further establishing it as the focal point of God's salvific work.

In both courtyards of the house of the LORD
The "house of the LORD" refers to Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem, a central place of worship for the Israelites. The temple had two main courtyards: the inner court, where priests performed sacrifices, and the outer court, accessible to the general public. Building altars in these sacred spaces was a direct violation of the temple's sanctity and the worship practices prescribed in the Law of Moses. This act reflects a significant departure from the worship of Yahweh, indicating a period of spiritual decline in Judah. The temple was meant to be a place dedicated solely to the worship of the God of Israel, and any deviation from this was seen as a grave sin.

he built altars to all the host of heaven
The "host of heaven" refers to celestial bodies such as the sun, moon, and stars, which were often deified in ancient Near Eastern cultures. This practice of worshiping celestial bodies was explicitly forbidden in Deuteronomy 4:19 and 17:3. By building altars to these entities, King Manasseh was introducing idolatry into the heart of Israelite worship, leading the people away from monotheism. This act of apostasy was a fulfillment of the warnings given by the prophets about the consequences of turning away from God. It also foreshadows the eventual judgment and exile that would come upon Judah. The worship of the host of heaven was a common practice among neighboring nations, such as the Assyrians and Babylonians, and Manasseh's actions indicate a syncretism that diluted the distinctiveness of Israel's faith.

He sacrificed his own son in the fire
This phrase refers to the practice of child sacrifice, which was strictly forbidden in Israelite law (Leviticus 18:21, Deuteronomy 18:10). The act is associated with the worship of the Canaanite god Molech, a practice that was prevalent among the surrounding pagan nations. Archaeological evidence from sites like Carthage suggests that child sacrifice was indeed practiced in the ancient Near East. This act by Manasseh, king of Judah, represents a severe departure from the worship of Yahweh and a return to the abominable practices of the nations that God had driven out before the Israelites.

practiced sorcery and divination
Sorcery and divination were condemned in the Mosaic Law (Deuteronomy 18:10-12) as they involved seeking guidance and power from sources other than God. These practices were common in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt, where people sought to predict the future or manipulate events through supernatural means. Manasseh's engagement in these practices indicates a reliance on occult powers rather than on the God of Israel, further illustrating his rebellion against divine commandments.

and consulted mediums and spiritists
Mediums and spiritists were individuals who claimed to communicate with the dead or with spirits, a practice explicitly prohibited in Israel (Leviticus 19:31, 1 Samuel 28:7-9). This consultation with the dead was seen as an attempt to gain forbidden knowledge and power, bypassing God's revelation. The story of Saul consulting the medium at Endor (1 Samuel 28) serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers and futility of such practices.

He did great evil in the sight of the LORD
This summary statement underscores the gravity of Manasseh's actions. The phrase "in the sight of the LORD" emphasizes that God's perspective is the ultimate measure of morality. Manasseh's reign is characterized by a deliberate and flagrant violation of God's laws, leading to spiritual and moral decay in Judah. His actions are contrasted with the righteous kings of Judah who sought to follow God's commandments.

provoking Him to anger
The provocation of God's anger is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, often resulting from idolatry and covenant unfaithfulness (Deuteronomy 9:7-8, Judges 2:12). God's anger is not capricious but is a response to the breach of the covenant relationship. Manasseh's actions, including idolatry and the shedding of innocent blood, are seen as direct affronts to God's holiness and justice, leading to divine judgment. This foreshadows the eventual exile of Judah as a consequence of persistent disobedience.

Manasseh even took the carved Asherah pole he had made
Manasseh, king of Judah, is noted for his idolatrous practices, which included the introduction of an Asherah pole into the temple. Asherah was a Canaanite goddess associated with fertility and was often worshipped alongside Baal. The presence of an Asherah pole in the temple signifies a direct violation of the first commandment and a departure from monotheistic worship. This act reflects the syncretism prevalent during Manasseh's reign, where pagan practices were incorporated into the worship of Yahweh, leading to spiritual corruption.

and set it up in the temple
The temple in Jerusalem was the central place of worship for the Israelites, built by Solomon as a dwelling place for God's Name. By placing an Asherah pole in the temple, Manasseh desecrated this sacred space, which was meant to be holy and set apart for the worship of Yahweh alone. This act of defilement was a significant affront to the covenant relationship between God and Israel, highlighting the extent of Manasseh's apostasy.

of which the LORD had said to David and his son Solomon
The reference to David and Solomon underscores the temple's divine origin and purpose. God had made a covenant with David, promising that his lineage would endure and that his son Solomon would build a house for God's Name. This covenantal promise is recorded in 2 Samuel 7 and 1 Kings 8, where God assures David that his dynasty and the temple would be established forever. Manasseh's actions, therefore, not only violated the sanctity of the temple but also disregarded the divine promises made to his forefathers.

“In this temple and in Jerusalem, which I have chosen out of all the tribes of Israel
Jerusalem was chosen by God as the spiritual and political center of Israel, a city set apart for His Name. The temple was the focal point of worship and the symbol of God's presence among His people. This divine choice is emphasized in passages like 1 Kings 11:36 and 2 Chronicles 6:6, where God declares His selection of Jerusalem. Manasseh's idolatry in this chosen city represents a profound betrayal of God's election and purpose for Israel.

I will establish My Name forever.”
The promise to establish God's Name forever in the temple and Jerusalem is a testament to His enduring covenant with Israel. This assurance is rooted in the Davidic covenant and reflects God's desire for a perpetual relationship with His people. The desecration of the temple by Manasseh stands in stark contrast to this promise, highlighting the tension between human unfaithfulness and divine faithfulness. Despite Manasseh's actions, the prophetic hope remains that God's Name will ultimately be vindicated and His purposes fulfilled, as seen in the messianic prophecies pointing to Jesus Christ, who embodies the true temple and the eternal presence of God among His people.

I will never again cause the feet of the Israelites to wander from the land that I gave to their fathers
This phrase reflects God's promise to Israel regarding the land of Canaan, which was given to the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The promise of land is a central theme in the Old Testament, symbolizing God's covenant and faithfulness. Historically, the Israelites' wandering in the wilderness for 40 years was a result of disobedience and lack of faith (Numbers 14:33-34). The assurance of a permanent dwelling place is contingent upon their obedience, highlighting the conditional nature of many of God's promises in the Old Testament.

if only they are careful to do all I have commanded them
This condition emphasizes the importance of obedience to God's commandments as a prerequisite for receiving His blessings. The phrase underscores the covenantal relationship between God and Israel, where blessings are tied to adherence to His laws. This reflects the Deuteronomic theology, where obedience leads to blessing and disobedience to curse (Deuteronomy 28). It also points to the broader biblical theme of faithfulness and the human responsibility to uphold God's statutes.

the whole Law that My servant Moses commanded them
The reference to "the whole Law" indicates the comprehensive nature of the Torah, which includes moral, ceremonial, and civil laws given through Moses. Moses, as God's servant, is a central figure in delivering the Law, which is foundational to Israel's identity and relationship with God. This phrase connects to the broader biblical narrative where the Law serves as a tutor leading to Christ (Galatians 3:24), who fulfills the Law (Matthew 5:17). The emphasis on the entirety of the Law highlights the need for complete obedience, not selective adherence, to maintain the covenant relationship.

But the people did not listen
This phrase highlights the persistent disobedience of the Israelites, a recurring theme throughout the Old Testament. Despite numerous warnings from prophets and the clear instructions given in the Law of Moses, the people often turned away from God. This reflects a pattern seen in passages like Judges 2:17, where the Israelites repeatedly failed to heed divine guidance. The failure to listen is not just a physical act of ignoring but a spiritual rebellion against God's covenant.

and Manasseh led them astray
Manasseh, son of Hezekiah, was one of the most notorious kings of Judah, reigning for 55 years. His leadership marked a significant departure from his father's reforms, as he reintroduced idolatry and pagan practices. This phrase underscores the influence of leadership on the spiritual direction of a nation. Manasseh's actions are detailed in 2 Kings 21:1-7, where he is described as building altars to Baal, worshiping the host of heaven, and even sacrificing his own son. His reign is a stark reminder of the impact of ungodly leadership, as seen in Proverbs 29:2.

so that they did greater evil than the nations
The comparison to the nations that God had previously judged and displaced for their wickedness (such as the Canaanites) is significant. It indicates that Judah's sins under Manasseh's rule were not only comparable but exceeded those of the pagan nations. This is a fulfillment of warnings given in Leviticus 18:24-28, where God cautioned Israel against adopting the detestable practices of the nations they were to dispossess. The phrase serves as a sobering reminder of the potential for God's people to fall into deeper sin than those who do not know Him.

that the LORD had destroyed before the Israelites
This refers to the divine judgment executed upon the Canaanite nations during the conquest of the Promised Land, as recorded in the book of Joshua. The destruction of these nations was due to their abominable practices, which had reached a fullness of iniquity (Genesis 15:16). The mention of the LORD's past actions serves as a historical reminder of God's righteousness and justice. It also foreshadows the impending judgment that would come upon Judah for their transgressions, as prophesied in Jeremiah 25:9-11. This phrase emphasizes the seriousness of turning away from God and the inevitable consequences of such actions.

And the LORD spoke
This phrase emphasizes the divine origin of the message. In the biblical narrative, God often communicates directly with His people, and His words carry authority and power. The use of "spoke" indicates a direct and intentional communication from God, highlighting His active involvement in the affairs of Israel. This reflects the consistent biblical theme that God is not silent but reveals His will and purposes to humanity.

through His servants the prophets,
Prophets in the Old Testament served as God's messengers, chosen to deliver His words to the people. They were often called to speak during times of national crisis or moral decline, as seen in the context of 2 Kings 21, where King Manasseh's reign is marked by idolatry and apostasy. The term "servants" underscores their role as obedient and faithful messengers, dedicated to fulfilling God's commands. Prophets like Isaiah, Jeremiah, and others were instrumental in guiding, warning, and sometimes rebuking the nation of Israel. This phrase also connects to the broader biblical narrative where prophets are seen as forerunners to Christ, the ultimate Prophet, who perfectly reveals God's will.

saying,
This introduces the specific message that follows, indicating that what is to be said is not the prophet's own words but a direct revelation from God. The use of "saying" sets the stage for the prophetic message, which often includes calls to repentance, warnings of judgment, or promises of future hope. In the context of 2 Kings 21, the message is likely one of impending judgment due to the nation's unfaithfulness, aligning with the broader biblical theme of God's justice and mercy.

Since Manasseh king of Judah has committed all these abominations
Manasseh was the son of Hezekiah and became king of Judah at a young age. His reign is noted for its extreme idolatry and departure from the worship of Yahweh. The "abominations" refer to practices that were detestable in the sight of God, including idol worship, child sacrifice, and the use of witchcraft and divination. These actions were in direct violation of the Mosaic Law (Deuteronomy 18:9-12) and represented a significant spiritual decline from his father's reforms.

acting more wickedly than the Amorites who preceded him
The Amorites were one of the Canaanite nations that inhabited the Promised Land before the Israelites. They were known for their idolatrous practices and moral corruption, which led to their judgment by God (Genesis 15:16). By comparing Manasseh's actions to those of the Amorites, the text emphasizes the severity of his sins. This comparison highlights the depth of Judah's apostasy under Manasseh, as they surpassed even the notorious wickedness of the Amorites.

and with his idols has caused Judah to sin
Manasseh's introduction of idol worship led the people of Judah into sin, violating the first two commandments (Exodus 20:3-4). The king's influence was significant, as he not only practiced idolatry himself but also encouraged it among his people, leading them away from the covenant relationship with God. This phrase underscores the responsibility of leaders to guide their people in righteousness and the consequences when they lead them astray. The idolatry of Judah under Manasseh set the stage for the eventual Babylonian exile, as prophesied by prophets like Isaiah and Jeremiah.

this is what the LORD, the God of Israel, says:
This phrase emphasizes the authority and divine origin of the message. The LORD, Yahweh, is the covenant God of Israel, highlighting His relationship with His chosen people. This introduction is common in prophetic literature, underscoring that the message is not from the prophet's own mind but from God Himself. It reflects the prophetic tradition seen throughout the Old Testament, where prophets serve as God's mouthpieces (e.g., Isaiah 1:10, Jeremiah 2:4).

Behold, I am bringing such calamity upon Jerusalem and Judah
The term "Behold" is a call to attention, indicating the seriousness of the forthcoming message. The calamity refers to the impending judgment due to the sins of Manasseh, king of Judah, whose reign was marked by idolatry and abominations (2 Kings 21:11). Jerusalem, the capital city, and Judah, the southern kingdom, are the focus of this judgment. Historically, this prophecy was fulfilled through the Babylonian conquest and exile (2 Kings 24-25). Theologically, it serves as a warning of the consequences of turning away from God.

that the news will reverberate in the ears of all who hear it.
This phrase suggests the magnitude and impact of the coming disaster. The calamity would be so severe that it would become known far and wide, causing shock and awe. This echoes the idea of God's judgments being a testimony to His holiness and justice, as seen in other scriptures like Deuteronomy 28:37 and Jeremiah 19:3. The reverberation of this news serves as a warning to other nations and future generations about the seriousness of sin and the certainty of divine retribution.

I will stretch out over Jerusalem the measuring line used against Samaria
This phrase indicates God's intention to judge Jerusalem with the same standard He used for Samaria, the capital of the Northern Kingdom of Israel. Samaria fell to the Assyrians in 722 BC due to its idolatry and disobedience to God. The "measuring line" symbolizes judgment and destruction, as seen in other scriptures like Isaiah 34:11 and Lamentations 2:8. This reflects the principle that God is impartial and consistent in His judgments, applying the same standards to both the Northern and Southern Kingdoms.

and the plumb line used against the house of Ahab
The "plumb line" is a tool used to ensure structures are vertically true, symbolizing God's standard of righteousness. The house of Ahab, known for its idolatry and wickedness, was judged and destroyed (1 Kings 21:21-22). This reference underscores the severity of Jerusalem's sins, equating them with those of Ahab's dynasty. It serves as a warning that deviation from God's laws leads to inevitable judgment, as seen in Amos 7:7-9, where a plumb line signifies God's impending judgment on Israel.

and I will wipe out Jerusalem as one wipes out a bowl—wiping it and turning it upside down
This vivid imagery of wiping a bowl clean signifies total destruction and removal. It suggests that Jerusalem will be thoroughly cleansed of its iniquity, leaving nothing behind. This metaphor highlights the completeness of God's judgment, similar to the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19:24-25). The act of turning the bowl upside down implies a reversal of fortunes and the end of Jerusalem's status as a holy city. This prophecy was fulfilled in 586 BC when Babylon destroyed Jerusalem, as recorded in 2 Kings 25. The imagery also foreshadows the ultimate cleansing and restoration through Christ, who purifies believers from sin (1 John 1:7).

So I will forsake the remnant of My inheritance
This phrase indicates God's decision to abandon the remaining people of Israel, who are referred to as His "inheritance." The term "remnant" often refers to a small, faithful group preserved by God, but here it highlights the few left after previous judgments. Historically, this reflects the period of the divided kingdom, where the Northern Kingdom (Israel) had already fallen to Assyria, and the Southern Kingdom (Judah) was under threat due to its idolatry and disobedience. Theologically, this forsaking is a consequence of persistent sin, echoing warnings given through prophets like Isaiah and Jeremiah. The concept of God forsaking His people is a sobering reminder of the covenantal relationship, where blessings are contingent upon obedience.

and deliver them into the hands of their enemies.
This phrase signifies a transfer of power and protection from God to foreign nations. Historically, this was fulfilled when Judah was conquered by Babylon, leading to the exile. The "enemies" here are the surrounding nations that God used as instruments of judgment. This reflects the Deuteronomic cycle of sin, judgment, repentance, and deliverance. Theologically, it underscores the seriousness of breaking covenant with God, as seen in Leviticus 26 and Deuteronomy 28, where God warns of such consequences. This also prefigures the ultimate deliverance from sin through Christ, who was delivered into the hands of His enemies for the sake of humanity's redemption.

And they will become plunder and spoil to all their enemies,
This phrase describes the fate of Judah as a result of divine judgment. "Plunder and spoil" indicate total defeat and humiliation, where the people and their possessions are taken by conquering nations. Historically, this was realized during the Babylonian conquest, where Jerusalem was sacked, the temple destroyed, and the people exiled. This outcome was a direct result of the nation's failure to heed prophetic warnings and repent. Culturally, being plundered was the ultimate disgrace for a nation, signifying complete loss of autonomy and identity. This serves as a stark warning of the consequences of turning away from God, yet it also sets the stage for future hope and restoration, as God promises to eventually bring His people back from exile, a theme echoed in the prophetic books and ultimately fulfilled in the New Covenant through Christ.

because they have done evil in My sight
This phrase highlights the consistent disobedience of the Israelites to God's commandments. The "evil" refers to idolatry and the abandonment of the covenant established with God. This is a recurring theme throughout the Old Testament, where the Israelites often turned to worship other gods, such as Baal and Asherah, which was considered evil in the sight of the Lord. The phrase underscores God's omniscience, as He sees all actions and intentions of His people.

and have provoked Me to anger
The provocation of God's anger is a significant theme in the Old Testament, where God's righteous indignation is aroused by the people's persistent sinfulness. This anger is not capricious but is a response to the violation of the covenant relationship. The anger of God is often depicted as leading to judgment and punishment, such as the Babylonian exile. This reflects the holiness of God and His intolerance of sin.

from the day their fathers came out of Egypt
This phrase refers to the Exodus, a foundational event in Israel's history when God delivered the Israelites from slavery in Egypt. Despite witnessing God's miraculous works, the Israelites frequently rebelled against Him, as seen in the wilderness wanderings. This historical context emphasizes the long-standing nature of Israel's disobedience and the patience of God over generations.

until this day.’”
The phrase "until this day" indicates the ongoing nature of Israel's rebellion up to the time of King Manasseh, under whose reign this verse is set. Manasseh's reign is noted for its extreme idolatry and evil practices, which were seen as a culmination of the nation's persistent sin. This continuity of disobedience serves as a backdrop for the eventual judgment that would come upon Judah, leading to the Babylonian exile. The phrase also serves as a reminder of the need for repentance and the hope of restoration, themes that are echoed in the prophetic books.

Moreover, Manasseh shed so much innocent blood
Manasseh, son of Hezekiah, was one of the most notorious kings of Judah, reigning for 55 years. His reign is marked by extreme idolatry and violence. The phrase "innocent blood" refers to the unjust killing of those who were righteous or undeserving of death. This could include prophets, priests, and other faithful followers of Yahweh who opposed his idolatrous practices. The shedding of innocent blood is a grave sin in the biblical context, as seen in Genesis 4:10 with Abel's blood crying out to God and in Proverbs 6:16-17, where God lists hands that shed innocent blood as something He hates.

that he filled Jerusalem from end to end
This hyperbolic expression emphasizes the extent of Manasseh's atrocities. Jerusalem, the holy city, was meant to be a place of worship and justice, yet under Manasseh, it became a place of widespread violence and corruption. The phrase suggests that the entire city was affected by his actions, leaving no part untouched by his reign of terror. This widespread bloodshed would have contributed to the moral and spiritual decline of the nation, setting the stage for future judgment.

in addition to the sin that he had caused Judah to commit
Manasseh's influence led Judah into deep sin, primarily through the introduction and promotion of idolatry. He rebuilt high places, erected altars for Baal, and even placed an Asherah pole in the temple (2 Kings 21:3-7). His actions caused the people to stray from the covenant with Yahweh, violating the first commandment (Exodus 20:3). This phrase highlights the king's responsibility for leading the nation into sin, a theme echoed in other parts of Scripture where leaders are held accountable for the spiritual state of their people (e.g., 1 Kings 14:16).

doing evil in the sight of the LORD
This phrase is a common biblical expression used to describe actions that are contrary to God's will and commandments. It underscores the divine perspective on Manasseh's reign, contrasting human actions with God's holy standards. The evil done by Manasseh was not just political or social but was primarily spiritual, as it directly opposed the worship and laws of Yahweh. This phrase is a reminder of the ultimate accountability to God, as seen in other biblical narratives where kings are judged based on their faithfulness to God's commands (e.g., 1 Kings 15:11, 2 Kings 18:3).

As for the rest of the acts of Manasseh
Manasseh was one of the longest-reigning kings of Judah, ruling for 55 years. His reign is noted for its significant departure from the religious reforms of his father, Hezekiah. Manasseh's acts included the reintroduction of idolatry and pagan practices, which had a profound impact on the spiritual state of Judah. His reign is often seen as a period of moral and spiritual decline, setting the stage for the eventual Babylonian exile.

along with all his accomplishments
Despite his negative spiritual influence, Manasseh's long reign suggests he was politically and administratively successful. He may have maintained stability and prosperity in Judah, which could explain his lengthy rule. However, his accomplishments are overshadowed by his religious failures, which are emphasized in the biblical narrative.

and the sin that he committed
Manasseh's sins were numerous and grave, including the worship of Baal, Asherah, and the host of heaven, as well as the practice of child sacrifice. These actions were in direct violation of the covenantal laws given to Israel. His sins are seen as a catalyst for divine judgment upon Judah, as they led the nation further away from God.

are they not written in the Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Judah?
This phrase indicates that the detailed account of Manasseh's reign, including his acts and sins, was recorded in an official historical document of the time. The "Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Judah" is a source frequently referenced in the biblical narrative, though it is not part of the canonical scriptures. It suggests that the biblical authors had access to historical records when compiling the accounts of the kings. This phrase also underscores the importance of historical documentation in understanding the full scope of Manasseh's impact on Judah.

And Manasseh rested with his fathers
This phrase indicates the death of King Manasseh, who was one of the longest-reigning monarchs in Judah, ruling for 55 years. The expression "rested with his fathers" is a common biblical euphemism for death, suggesting that he joined his ancestors in the afterlife. Manasseh's reign was marked by idolatry and evil practices, as detailed earlier in 2 Kings 21, but he also repented later in life, as recorded in 2 Chronicles 33:12-13. His death marks the end of a tumultuous period in Judah's history.

and was buried in his palace garden, the garden of Uzza.
The burial in the palace garden, rather than the traditional burial in the City of David, may reflect the disgrace associated with Manasseh's reign. The garden of Uzza is mentioned only here and in 2 Kings 21:26, and its exact location is unknown, though it is presumed to be near the royal palace in Jerusalem. This unusual burial site might indicate a deviation from royal customs, possibly due to his controversial reign or personal choice.

And his son Amon reigned in his place.
Amon succeeded Manasseh as king of Judah, continuing the dynastic line of David. Amon's reign was short, lasting only two years, and he followed in the sinful practices of his father before his repentance, as noted in 2 Kings 21:20-22. His reign ended abruptly when he was assassinated by his own servants, leading to the ascension of his son Josiah, who would become one of Judah's most righteous kings. This transition highlights the instability and moral decline in Judah during this period, setting the stage for Josiah's reforms.

Amon was twenty-two years old when he became king
Amon's ascension to the throne at a young age reflects the hereditary monarchy system in Judah, where kingship often passed from father to son. His father, Manasseh, was one of the longest-reigning and most notoriously idolatrous kings of Judah, which likely influenced Amon's reign. The age of twenty-two suggests a period of youthful vigor but also potential immaturity in leadership.

and he reigned in Jerusalem two years
Amon's short reign indicates instability and possibly internal strife within the kingdom. Jerusalem, the capital of Judah, was the political and spiritual center, housing the Temple built by Solomon. Amon's brief rule suggests that he may not have had the opportunity to establish significant reforms or policies, and his reign was marked by continuation of his father's idolatrous practices, as noted in other biblical accounts.

His mother’s name was Meshullemeth daughter of Haruz
The mention of Amon's mother, Meshullemeth, highlights the importance of maternal lineage in the biblical narrative. Her name, meaning "friend" or "ally," may suggest her role or influence in the royal court. The inclusion of her father's name, Haruz, indicates the significance of family heritage and connections, which were crucial in the political alliances and social structures of ancient Judah.

she was from Jotbah
Jotbah is a location not frequently mentioned in the Bible, suggesting it may have been a smaller or less significant town. Its mention here provides geographical context and may imply that Amon's maternal family had roots outside the main political centers, possibly influencing his reign and alliances. The specific mention of Jotbah underscores the importance of regional identities and familial ties in the narrative of Judah's monarchy.

And he did evil in the sight of the LORD
This phrase indicates a moral and spiritual evaluation from God's perspective, emphasizing that the actions of the king were contrary to God's commandments. The "sight of the LORD" suggests that God is the ultimate judge of human actions, and His standards are absolute. This phrase is often used in the Old Testament to describe the actions of kings who led Israel or Judah away from the worship of Yahweh. The evil mentioned here typically involves idolatry, injustice, and the abandonment of the covenant with God. The phrase underscores the seriousness of sin and its consequences, as seen throughout the history of Israel and Judah.

as his father Manasseh had done
Manasseh was one of the most notorious kings of Judah, known for his extensive idolatry and leading the nation into sin. His reign is detailed in 2 Kings 21:1-18 and 2 Chronicles 33:1-20. Manasseh's actions included the worship of Baal, Asherah, and the host of heaven, as well as the practice of child sacrifice and witchcraft. This comparison highlights the generational impact of sin and the failure to learn from past mistakes. Manasseh's reign is often seen as a turning point that led to the eventual downfall of Judah. The reference to Manasseh serves as a warning about the influence of parental example and the importance of repentance and returning to God.

He walked in all the ways of his father
This phrase indicates a continuation of behavior and practices, specifically referring to the actions of King Manasseh, the father of Amon. Manasseh was known for his idolatry and evil practices, as detailed earlier in 2 Kings 21. The phrase suggests a generational perpetuation of sin, highlighting the influence of parental example on children. Biblically, this reflects the principle found in Exodus 20:5, where the iniquity of the fathers affects subsequent generations. It underscores the importance of righteous leadership and the impact of a leader's spiritual direction on their descendants and nation.

and he served and worshiped the idols
This part of the verse emphasizes Amon's active participation in idolatry, not merely a passive acceptance. Serving and worshiping idols was a direct violation of the first two commandments (Exodus 20:3-4), which prohibited the worship of other gods and the making of graven images. The historical context of this period in Judah shows a syncretism where the worship of Yahweh was mixed with pagan practices, influenced by surrounding nations. This idolatry led to moral and spiritual decay, contributing to Judah's eventual downfall and exile.

his father had served
The repetition of the father's actions by the son highlights the cyclical nature of sin and the difficulty of breaking free from established patterns of behavior. Manasseh's reign was marked by the introduction of foreign gods and practices, including the worship of Baal and Asherah, and even the desecration of the temple with altars to these deities. This phrase serves as a warning about the long-lasting effects of ungodly leadership and the challenge of reforming a nation steeped in idolatry. It also contrasts with the biblical ideal of a godly heritage, as seen in the examples of righteous kings like David and Josiah, who sought to lead their people back to the worship of the one true God.

He abandoned the LORD
This phrase indicates a deliberate turning away from God, which is a recurring theme in the history of Israel and Judah. The abandonment of the LORD by King Manasseh, as described in this passage, reflects a broader pattern of apostasy that plagued the nation. This act of forsaking God is significant because it highlights the covenant relationship between God and Israel, where faithfulness was expected. The consequences of such abandonment were severe, often leading to divine judgment and national calamity, as seen in the eventual Babylonian exile.

the God of his fathers
This phrase emphasizes the continuity of faith that was supposed to be maintained from generation to generation. The "God of his fathers" refers to the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, underscoring the historical and covenantal relationship that God had with the patriarchs and their descendants. This highlights the importance of generational faithfulness and the responsibility of each generation to uphold the covenant. The failure to do so, as in the case of Manasseh, often led to spiritual decline and idolatry.

and did not walk in the way of the LORD
Walking in the way of the LORD implies living according to God's commandments and statutes. This phrase suggests a lifestyle and conduct that align with God's will, as outlined in the Torah. The failure to walk in God's way indicates a rejection of His laws and a preference for idolatrous practices, which were prevalent during Manasseh's reign. This deviation from God's path is contrasted with the righteous kings of Judah, such as Hezekiah, who sought to restore true worship. The concept of walking in God's way is echoed throughout Scripture, including in the teachings of Jesus, who called His followers to a life of obedience and righteousness.

Then the servants of Amon
Amon was the son of Manasseh and became king of Judah after his father's death. His reign was marked by idolatry and evil practices, similar to those of his father. The term "servants" refers to his officials or those who served in his court. This reflects the political instability and internal strife within the kingdom of Judah during this period. The discontent among his servants suggests a lack of loyalty and possibly a reaction to his policies or personal behavior.

conspired against him
Conspiracy in the ancient Near East was not uncommon, especially in monarchies where power struggles were frequent. This phrase indicates a secret plan or plot by Amon's own officials to overthrow him. Such conspiracies often arose from dissatisfaction with a ruler's decisions or character. In the biblical context, conspiracies against kings are seen in other instances, such as the assassination of King Joash (2 Kings 12:20). This reflects the broader theme of divine judgment and the consequences of turning away from God.

and killed the king
The act of killing a king was a serious and treasonous act, often leading to significant political upheaval. In the biblical narrative, the death of a king often signifies divine judgment or the fulfillment of prophecy. Amon's assassination can be seen as a direct consequence of his evil reign, as described earlier in the chapter. The violent end of his rule serves as a warning against idolatry and unfaithfulness to God.

in his palace
The palace was the center of royal power and authority, making it a significant location for Amon's assassination. This setting underscores the betrayal by those closest to him, as the palace was supposed to be a place of security and protection for the king. The palace's mention highlights the gravity of the conspiracy and the breach of trust within the royal court. The palace's archaeological remains in Jerusalem provide insights into the grandeur and political significance of such structures during the period.

But the people of the land
This phrase refers to the common populace or the local inhabitants of Judah, distinct from the royal family or the ruling elite. Historically, the "people of the land" often played a significant role in political events, as seen in other instances such as the crowning of Joash (2 Kings 11:14). Their involvement indicates a collective action or consensus among the populace, reflecting their dissatisfaction with the conspirators' actions.

killed all those who had conspired against King Amon
King Amon was assassinated by his own servants, as detailed earlier in 2 Kings 21:23. The killing of the conspirators by the people suggests a rejection of the coup and a desire to restore order and legitimacy to the throne. This act of retribution aligns with the biblical principle of justice, as seen in Genesis 9:6, where the shedding of blood requires accountability. It also reflects the cultural and legal norms of the time, where blood vengeance was a common practice.

and they made his son Josiah king in his place
Josiah, Amon's son, was made king by the people, indicating their support for the Davidic line and the continuation of the legitimate royal lineage. Josiah's ascension to the throne is significant in biblical history, as he later becomes one of Judah's most righteous kings, known for his reforms and dedication to the worship of Yahweh (2 Kings 22-23). This event fulfills the promise of a Davidic dynasty, as seen in 2 Samuel 7:16, and foreshadows the ultimate fulfillment in Jesus Christ, who is often referred to as the Son of David in the New Testament (Matthew 1:1).

As for the rest of the acts of Amon
Amon was the son of Manasseh and became king of Judah. His reign was marked by idolatry and evil practices, following in the footsteps of his father, who had led Judah into sin. Amon's acts are significant as they reflect the continued spiritual decline of Judah during this period. His reign was short, lasting only two years, which suggests that his actions were impactful enough to be noted despite the brevity of his rule.

along with his accomplishments
The term "accomplishments" here may refer to both his political and religious actions. Amon's reign did not see significant positive achievements; rather, his accomplishments were largely negative, as he perpetuated the idolatrous practices initiated by Manasseh. This highlights the importance of leadership in guiding the spiritual direction of a nation, a theme consistent throughout the biblical narrative.

are they not written in the Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Judah?
This phrase indicates that there was a historical record, now lost, that detailed the reigns of the kings of Judah. The Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Judah is distinct from the biblical books of Chronicles and served as a source for the authors of Kings. This reference underscores the historical nature of the biblical account, suggesting that the events described were well-documented and known to the original audience. It also points to the importance of historical records in understanding the full scope of a king's reign, beyond what is captured in the biblical text.

And he was buried in his tomb
This phrase refers to the burial of King Amon of Judah. In ancient Israelite culture, burial practices were significant, often reflecting one's status and legacy. Amon's burial in his own tomb suggests a continuation of royal customs, despite his short and troubled reign. The practice of preparing a personal tomb was common among kings, indicating a desire for a lasting legacy and a place of honor in death.

in the garden of Uzza,
The garden of Uzza is mentioned as the burial site for both Amon and his father, Manasseh. This location is somewhat unusual, as royal burials typically took place in the City of David. The garden of Uzza may have been a private or royal garden, possibly named after a notable figure or family. Its mention highlights a deviation from traditional burial sites, which could reflect the spiritual and political turmoil during their reigns. The choice of burial location might also indicate a lack of favor with the religious establishment or a personal preference by the king.

and his son Josiah reigned in his place.
Josiah's ascension to the throne marks a significant turning point in Judah's history. Unlike his father Amon and grandfather Manasseh, Josiah is remembered as a reformer king who sought to restore the worship of Yahweh and rid the nation of idolatry. His reign is characterized by a return to the covenantal faithfulness outlined in the Law of Moses. Josiah's reforms are detailed in later chapters, where he is credited with significant religious and cultural changes. His reign fulfills prophecies concerning the house of David and serves as a type of Christ, foreshadowing the ultimate restoration and righteousness brought by Jesus.