Then David fled
The phrase "Then David fled" marks a pivotal moment in David's life, highlighting his transition from a favored servant in Saul's court to a fugitive. The Hebrew root for "fled" is "barach," which conveys a sense of urgency and desperation. This action underscores David's awareness of the imminent danger posed by King Saul's jealousy and wrath. Historically, this flight signifies the beginning of David's journey as an outlaw, a period that would refine his character and faith, preparing him for future leadership.

from Naioth in Ramah
"Naioth in Ramah" refers to a prophetic community where David sought refuge with Samuel. The term "Naioth" is believed to mean "dwellings" or "habitations," indicating a place of spiritual retreat and learning. Ramah, Samuel's hometown, was a significant location for prophetic activity. This setting emphasizes the spiritual dimension of David's journey, as he seeks guidance and protection from God through His prophet, Samuel. It also highlights the tension between the spiritual authority of Samuel and the political authority of Saul.

came to Jonathan
David's approach to Jonathan, Saul's son and David's close friend, underscores the deep bond and covenantal relationship between them. The Hebrew word for "came" is "bo," which can imply entering into a place or presence. This action reflects David's trust in Jonathan's loyalty and integrity, despite the familial ties to Saul. Their friendship is a testament to the power of God-centered relationships that transcend political and familial conflicts, offering a model of faithfulness and mutual support.

and asked, 'What have I done?'
David's question, "What have I done?" reveals his bewilderment and innocence regarding Saul's hostility. The Hebrew root "asah" for "done" implies action or deed, suggesting David's introspection about his actions. This inquiry reflects a common human experience of seeking understanding in the face of unjust persecution. It also highlights David's righteousness and his reliance on truth and justice, trusting that God will vindicate him.

What is my guilt?
The term "guilt" in Hebrew is "avon," which denotes iniquity or wrongdoing. David's question points to his clear conscience and the absence of any moral or legal transgression against Saul. This plea for clarity and justice is a recurring theme in the Psalms, where David often seeks God's intervention against false accusations. It serves as a reminder of the importance of maintaining integrity and seeking God's perspective in times of trial.

How have I sinned against your father
The word "sinned" comes from the Hebrew "chata," meaning to miss the mark or fall short. David's question indicates his desire to understand any perceived offense against Saul. This reflects a heart of humility and repentance, willing to make amends if necessary. It also underscores the tragic breakdown of Saul's relationship with David, driven by jealousy and fear, rather than any real transgression on David's part.

that he is seeking my life?
The phrase "seeking my life" highlights the severity of Saul's intentions. The Hebrew root "baqash" for "seeking" implies a determined pursuit, often with hostile intent. This pursuit of David's life by Saul is emblematic of the spiritual warfare faced by those anointed by God. It serves as a powerful reminder of the reality of opposition against God's purposes, yet also of God's sovereign protection over His chosen ones. David's plight foreshadows the ultimate deliverance and vindication that God provides to those who remain faithful under persecution.

Jonathan replied
The name "Jonathan" means "Yahweh has given" in Hebrew, reflecting his role as a divinely appointed friend and protector of David. His immediate response, "replied," indicates a deep, instinctive loyalty and trust in his relationship with David, which is a model of covenant friendship in the Bible.

Never!
This emphatic declaration in Hebrew, "chalilah," is an expression of strong denial or rejection. It underscores Jonathan's disbelief and his confidence in his father's transparency with him. This word choice reflects Jonathan's hopeful and perhaps naive trust in his father, King Saul.

You will not die!
Jonathan's assurance to David is both a statement of faith and a promise of protection. The Hebrew root for "die" here, "muwth," is often used in the Old Testament to denote physical death, but Jonathan's use of it conveys his commitment to safeguarding David's life, reflecting the sacredness of life and the seriousness of his vow.

Behold
This word, "hinneh" in Hebrew, is used to draw attention and emphasize the importance of what follows. It serves as a call to David to consider Jonathan's perspective and trust in his knowledge of his father's actions.

my father does nothing great or small
The phrase "great or small" indicates the comprehensive nature of Saul's actions that Jonathan believes he is privy to. The Hebrew words "gadol" (great) and "qatan" (small) suggest that Jonathan is confident in his understanding of all matters concerning his father, highlighting the close relationship and communication he believes he shares with Saul.

without letting me know
This phrase underscores Jonathan's belief in his father's transparency with him. The Hebrew root "galah" means to reveal or uncover, suggesting that Jonathan feels he is privy to all of Saul's plans, which is a testament to his trust in his father's openness.

Why would my father hide this matter from me?
Jonathan's rhetorical question reveals his incredulity and the depth of his trust in his father. The Hebrew word for "hide," "sathar," implies concealment or secrecy, which Jonathan cannot fathom in his relationship with Saul. This reflects his inner conflict and the tension between his loyalty to his father and his friendship with David.

It is not so!
This final assertion by Jonathan, "lo ken," in Hebrew, is a strong denial of David's fears. It reflects Jonathan's hope and perhaps his denial of the reality of Saul's intentions. This phrase encapsulates Jonathan's struggle to reconcile his love for David with his loyalty to his father, a theme that resonates throughout the narrative of 1 Samuel.

But David took an oath
The act of taking an oath in ancient Israel was a solemn and binding commitment, often invoking the name of God as a witness to the truth of one's words. The Hebrew word for "oath" is "שְׁבוּעָה" (shevu'ah), which signifies a promise or a vow made with deep sincerity. In this context, David's oath underscores the gravity of the situation and his earnestness in communicating the peril he faces. It reflects a culture where one's word, especially when sworn before God, was a matter of utmost integrity and seriousness.

and said, 'Your father knows very well
David refers to King Saul, Jonathan's father, who is aware of the close bond between Jonathan and David. The phrase "knows very well" indicates Saul's acute awareness and possibly his strategic thinking. The Hebrew root "יָדַע" (yada) means to know, perceive, or understand deeply. This suggests that Saul is not only aware of the friendship but also perceives it as a threat to his plans against David. Historically, this reflects the tension and political intrigue within Saul's court, where alliances and loyalties were constantly tested.

that I have found favor in your eyes
The phrase "found favor" is derived from the Hebrew "חֵן" (chen), meaning grace or favor. It implies a relationship of goodwill and acceptance. David acknowledges the special regard Jonathan has for him, which is significant given the royal context. This favor is not merely personal affection but also carries political implications, as Jonathan is the heir to the throne. The favor David finds in Jonathan's eyes is a testament to their covenant friendship, which transcends familial and political pressures.

and he has said to himself
This phrase suggests an internal dialogue within Saul, indicating his secretive and possibly deceitful nature. The Hebrew concept of speaking "to oneself" often implies contemplation or plotting. Saul's internal monologue reveals his intent to conceal his true plans from Jonathan, highlighting the duplicity and paranoia that characterize Saul's reign. This internal conflict within Saul is a recurring theme in the narrative, showcasing the tragic decline of a once-great king.

‘Jonathan must not know this, or he will be grieved.’
Saul's concern that Jonathan would be "grieved" if he knew the truth about his intentions towards David reveals the depth of Jonathan's loyalty and love for David. The Hebrew word for "grieved" is "עָצַב" (atsav), which conveys deep emotional pain or distress. This reflects the strong bond between Jonathan and David, a friendship that is both personal and covenantal. Saul's awareness of this bond and his attempt to manipulate it underscores the moral and relational complexities within the royal family.

Yet as surely as the LORD lives and as you live
This phrase is a solemn affirmation, invoking the name of the LORD, "יְהוָה" (YHWH), the covenant God of Israel. It is a common oath formula in the Hebrew Bible, emphasizing the truth and seriousness of the statement. By invoking both the life of the LORD and Jonathan, David underscores the immediacy and certainty of his peril. This dual invocation highlights the sacredness of life and the divine witness to human affairs, reinforcing the gravity of David's situation.

there is but a step between me and death
David's expression "a step between me and death" vividly captures the precariousness of his situation. The imagery of a single step suggests imminent danger and the fragility of life. In the Hebrew context, life and death were often seen as being in the hands of God, yet here David acknowledges the human threat posed by Saul. This phrase encapsulates the tension and urgency of David's plight, serving as a poignant reminder of the thin line between life and death in the biblical narrative. It also foreshadows the trials David will face as he navigates the path to kingship under divine providence.

Then Jonathan said to David
This phrase highlights the deep bond and covenantal friendship between Jonathan, the son of King Saul, and David, the future king of Israel. In the Hebrew context, Jonathan's name means "Yahweh has given," which is fitting as he acts as a divine gift and ally to David during a time of great peril. The historical context here is crucial; Jonathan, despite being the heir to the throne, recognizes God's anointing on David and chooses loyalty to God's plan over his own potential kingship. This act of selflessness and faithfulness is a profound example of godly friendship and submission to divine will.

Whatever you desire
The Hebrew root for "desire" here is "נָפֶשׁ" (nephesh), often translated as "soul" or "life." This indicates a deep, heartfelt commitment from Jonathan to David, suggesting that Jonathan is willing to go to great lengths, even risking his own life, to fulfill David's needs. This phrase underscores the sacrificial nature of true friendship, reflecting the biblical principle of loving one's neighbor as oneself (Leviticus 19:18). In a broader scriptural context, it foreshadows the ultimate sacrifice of Christ, who laid down His life for His friends (John 15:13).

I will do for you
Jonathan's promise to act on David's behalf is a testament to his integrity and loyalty. The Hebrew verb "עָשָׂה" (asah), meaning "to do" or "to make," conveys action and commitment. Jonathan's willingness to act is not passive but involves taking decisive steps to protect and support David. This reflects the biblical call to be doers of the word, not merely hearers (James 1:22). Jonathan's actions are a model of faith in action, demonstrating that true faith is evidenced by works (James 2:17).

So David said to Jonathan
This phrase introduces a pivotal moment in the narrative of David and Jonathan's friendship. The Hebrew root for "said" is "אָמַר" (amar), which is often used to denote not just speaking, but conveying a message of importance. David, anointed by God yet pursued by King Saul, seeks counsel and aid from Jonathan, Saul's son. This highlights the deep trust and covenantal bond between them, transcending familial loyalty and reflecting a divine orchestration of relationships for God's purposes.

Indeed, tomorrow is the New Moon
The mention of the "New Moon" is significant in the Hebrew calendar, marking the beginning of a new month and often associated with religious observance and communal gatherings. The Hebrew word for "New Moon" is "חֹדֶשׁ" (chodesh), which also means "month." This context suggests a time of renewal and reflection, a moment when David anticipates Saul's actions and seeks to discern God's will through the unfolding events.

and I am supposed to sit with the king to eat
David's expected presence at the king's table underscores his position within Saul's court, despite the growing tension. The Hebrew word for "sit" is "יָשַׁב" (yashab), implying dwelling or abiding, which contrasts with David's current fugitive status. This phrase highlights the precariousness of David's situation, caught between his duty and the threat to his life, and foreshadows the testing of loyalties and divine protection.

But let me go
David's request to "go" is rooted in the Hebrew "שָׁלַח" (shalach), meaning to send or let go. This plea is not just for physical departure but signifies a deeper yearning for safety and divine guidance. It reflects David's reliance on God's providence and the necessity of strategic withdrawal in the face of danger, trusting in God's timing and deliverance.

so that I may hide in the field
The act of hiding, from the Hebrew "סָתַר" (satar), conveys a sense of seeking refuge and protection. The "field" symbolizes a place of solitude and vulnerability, yet also a space where God often meets His people. This imagery evokes the pastoral scenes of David's earlier life as a shepherd, reminding us of God's faithfulness in both open pastures and hidden places.

until the third evening
The "third evening" marks a specific time frame, emphasizing the urgency and precision of David's plan. Biblically, the number three often signifies completeness or divine intervention. This period of waiting and watching is a test of faith and patience, echoing the resurrection motif where deliverance and revelation come after three days. It invites reflection on God's perfect timing and the assurance of His plans coming to fruition.

If your father misses me at all
This phrase sets the stage for a test of Saul's intentions towards David. The Hebrew root for "misses" (פָּקַד, paqad) can imply noticing an absence or taking account of someone. In the context of ancient Israel, where family and tribal connections were paramount, the absence of a key figure like David would be significant. This phrase underscores the tension and uncertainty in David's relationship with Saul, highlighting the precariousness of David's position at court.

tell him
The instruction to "tell him" indicates a planned deception, which is a strategic move by Jonathan and David. In the Hebrew culture, communication was often direct and personal, and the act of conveying a message carried weight and responsibility. This phrase reflects the trust between Jonathan and David, as well as the gravity of the situation, where words could determine life or death.

David urgently requested
The urgency in David's request is emphasized by the Hebrew word שָׁאַל (sha'al), which means to ask or request earnestly. This urgency reflects the dire circumstances David finds himself in, needing to escape Saul's wrath. It also shows David's reliance on Jonathan's loyalty and the necessity of quick action in the face of danger.

my permission to hurry
The concept of seeking "permission" (שָׁאַל, sha'al) in this context is significant, as it reflects the hierarchical and respectful nature of relationships in ancient Israel. David, despite being anointed by God, still respects the authority of Saul and Jonathan. The word "hurry" (מָהַר, mahar) conveys the immediacy and seriousness of the situation, emphasizing the need for swift action to avoid potential harm.

to Bethlehem, his hometown
Bethlehem, known as the "House of Bread," is significant as David's birthplace and later as the birthplace of Jesus Christ. This reference to Bethlehem roots David in his familial and tribal identity, highlighting the importance of kinship and heritage in Israelite society. It also foreshadows the Messianic lineage, connecting David's account to the broader narrative of salvation history.

because there is an annual sacrifice
The mention of an "annual sacrifice" (זֶבַח, zevach) situates the narrative within the religious practices of ancient Israel. Sacrifices were central to Israelite worship, serving as acts of atonement, thanksgiving, and communal celebration. This detail not only provides a plausible reason for David's absence but also underscores the religious and cultural backdrop of the story, where faith and tradition are interwoven with daily life.

for his whole clan
The reference to "his whole clan" (מִשְׁפָּחָה, mishpachah) highlights the communal nature of Israelite society, where family and tribal affiliations were crucial. This phrase emphasizes the collective identity and responsibility within the clan, reflecting the interconnectedness of personal and communal obligations. It also underscores the potential impact of David's absence on his family, adding another layer of complexity to the narrative.

If he says, ‘Good,’
The Hebrew word for "good" here is "טוֹב" (tov), which often signifies something that is pleasing, beneficial, or agreeable. In the context of ancient Israel, the word "tov" was not just a casual affirmation but carried a weight of moral and ethical approval. Jonathan is seeking a sign of King Saul's disposition towards David. The use of "good" implies a hope for peace and reconciliation, reflecting the biblical principle that God desires harmony among His people.

then your servant is safe
The term "servant" in Hebrew is "עֶבֶד" (eved), which denotes a person in service or subjection. David refers to himself as Jonathan's servant, highlighting his humility and loyalty. This phrase underscores the biblical theme of servanthood as a position of honor and trust. The word "safe" suggests a state of security and well-being, which in the biblical narrative often implies divine protection. David's safety is contingent upon Saul's response, illustrating the precariousness of his situation and the need for God's providence.

but if he is angry
The Hebrew word for "angry" is "חָרָה" (charah), which conveys a burning or kindling of wrath. Anger in the biblical context is often associated with a loss of control and the potential for sin, as seen in God's warning to Cain in Genesis 4:6-7. Saul's anger would be a clear indication of his malevolent intentions towards David. This phrase serves as a reminder of the destructive power of unchecked anger and the importance of seeking God's peace.

you will know that he has evil intentions
The phrase "evil intentions" translates from the Hebrew "רָעָה" (ra'ah), meaning wickedness or harm. In the biblical worldview, evil is not just the absence of good but an active force that opposes God's will. Jonathan's discernment of Saul's intentions is crucial for David's survival. This highlights the biblical call for wisdom and discernment in the face of potential danger. The narrative encourages believers to trust in God's guidance to reveal the true nature of people's hearts.

Therefore deal kindly
The Hebrew word for "deal kindly" is "חָסֶד" (chesed), which is often translated as "lovingkindness" or "steadfast love." This term is rich in meaning, encompassing loyalty, faithfulness, and mercy. In the context of the covenant relationship between David and Jonathan, it signifies a deep, abiding commitment that goes beyond mere friendship. It reflects the covenantal love that God shows to His people, a love that is unwavering and sacrificial.

with your servant
The term "servant" here is "עֶבֶד" (eved) in Hebrew, which denotes a position of humility and submission. David, though anointed to be the future king, humbles himself before Jonathan, acknowledging the bond of service and loyalty he has with him. This humility is a hallmark of David's character, showing his respect for God's timing and the authority of Jonathan's father, King Saul.

for you have brought your servant into a covenant
The word "covenant" is "בְּרִית" (berit) in Hebrew, a solemn and binding agreement that is central to the biblical narrative. Covenants in the Bible are sacred and often involve commitments made before God. The covenant between David and Jonathan is a profound example of mutual loyalty and divine purpose, reflecting the covenants God makes with His people, which are based on His promises and faithfulness.

with you before the LORD
The phrase "before the LORD" underscores the sacredness of the covenant. It indicates that the agreement is not just between two individuals but is made in the presence of God, who is the ultimate witness and guarantor of the covenant. This elevates the relationship to a spiritual level, reminding us that our commitments to one another are also commitments to God.

If there is iniquity in me
The word "iniquity" is "עָוֹן" (avon) in Hebrew, referring to moral wrongdoing or sin. David's statement is a testament to his integrity and willingness to be held accountable. He invites scrutiny and judgment, demonstrating his commitment to righteousness and his trust in Jonathan's discernment. This reflects a heart that seeks to be right before God and man.

then kill me yourself
This phrase reveals the depth of trust and transparency in David and Jonathan's relationship. David is willing to entrust his life to Jonathan, showing that he values their covenant above his own safety. It is a powerful expression of vulnerability and faith in the integrity of his friend, mirroring the ultimate trust believers are called to have in God.

for why should you bring me to your father?
David questions the need for Jonathan to involve Saul, highlighting the danger and futility of such an action if David were guilty. This reflects David's awareness of Saul's hostility and the precariousness of his situation. It also underscores the theme of divine protection and guidance, as David seeks to navigate the challenges before him with wisdom and reliance on God's providence.

Never!
The Hebrew word here is "ḥālîlâ," which conveys a strong sense of prohibition or rejection. It is often used to express a moral or ethical impossibility. Jonathan's use of this word underscores his deep commitment to David and his moral integrity. In the context of ancient Israel, where loyalty to one's family was paramount, Jonathan's emphatic rejection of any harm coming to David highlights his understanding of divine justice and covenant loyalty, which transcends even familial bonds.

Jonathan replied
Jonathan, the son of King Saul, is a pivotal figure in this narrative. His name in Hebrew, "Yehonatan," means "Yahweh has given," reflecting his role as a God-given friend and ally to David. Jonathan's reply is not just a response but a testament to his character. In a time when royal succession was often fraught with intrigue and betrayal, Jonathan's loyalty to David, the anointed future king, is a profound act of faith and courage. His actions exemplify the biblical principle of loving one's neighbor as oneself, even at great personal cost.

If I ever found out
This phrase indicates a conditional situation, emphasizing Jonathan's vigilance and proactive stance. The Hebrew root "yādaʿ" (to know) suggests a deep, intimate knowledge. Jonathan is not passively waiting for events to unfold; he is actively seeking to discern his father's intentions. This reflects the biblical theme of wisdom and discernment, where believers are called to be watchful and wise, understanding the times and acting accordingly.

my father
Saul, Jonathan's father, is the reigning king of Israel. The mention of "my father" highlights the tension between Jonathan's familial loyalty and his covenant with David. In the ancient Near Eastern context, allegiance to one's father and king was expected. However, Jonathan's relationship with David, rooted in a covenant before God, takes precedence. This illustrates the biblical teaching that our ultimate allegiance is to God and His purposes, even above earthly ties.

has evil intentions against you
The phrase "evil intentions" comes from the Hebrew "rā‘ah," meaning harm or wickedness. Jonathan is acutely aware of the potential for sin and malice in human hearts, including his father's. This awareness is crucial in the biblical narrative, where the battle between good and evil is a central theme. Jonathan's concern for David's safety reflects the biblical call to protect and care for one another, recognizing the reality of evil in the world.

would I not tell you?
This rhetorical question underscores Jonathan's commitment to transparency and truthfulness. The Hebrew construction implies certainty and assurance. Jonathan's promise to inform David of any danger is a powerful testament to his integrity and faithfulness. In the biblical context, this reflects the importance of truth and trust in relationships, especially those bound by covenant. Jonathan's willingness to communicate openly with David is an example of the biblical ideal of speaking the truth in love, fostering trust and unity among God's people.

Then David asked Jonathan
This phrase highlights the deep bond and trust between David and Jonathan. In the Hebrew text, the name "David" (דָּוִד) means "beloved," reflecting his favored status with God and people. Jonathan, whose name means "Yahweh has given," is a symbol of divine friendship and loyalty. Their relationship is a model of covenantal friendship, transcending familial and political tensions. This moment underscores the vulnerability and reliance David places on Jonathan, trusting him with his life.

Who will tell me
David's question reveals his anxiety and the precariousness of his situation. The Hebrew root for "tell" (נָגַד, nagad) implies making something known or declaring. David is seeking assurance and clarity in a time of uncertainty. This reflects a broader biblical theme of seeking truth and guidance, often through trusted relationships or divine intervention. It also highlights the importance of communication and the role of messengers in the ancient world.

if your father answers you harshly?
The phrase "answers you harshly" indicates the potential danger David faces from King Saul. The Hebrew word for "harshly" (קָשֶׁה, qasheh) can mean hard, severe, or cruel. This reflects Saul's growing hostility and irrational behavior towards David, driven by jealousy and fear. Historically, this tension is set against the backdrop of Saul's declining kingship and David's rising favor with God. The narrative illustrates the trials faced by those anointed by God and the testing of faith and loyalty amidst adversity.

Come
The Hebrew word for "come" is "לְכָה" (lekah), which is an imperative form, indicating a command or invitation. In the context of ancient Israel, such an invitation often implied a sense of urgency or importance. Jonathan's use of this word suggests a deep concern for David's safety and the need for a private conversation away from potential eavesdroppers. This reflects the urgency and gravity of the situation, as Jonathan seeks to protect his friend from his father Saul's wrath.

Jonathan replied
Jonathan, whose name in Hebrew is "יְהוֹנָתָן" (Yehonatan), meaning "Yahweh has given," is a pivotal figure in this narrative. His response to David is not just a simple reply but a demonstration of his loyalty and covenant friendship. Jonathan's character is marked by faithfulness and integrity, qualities that are highly esteemed in the biblical narrative. His actions here are a testament to the biblical principle of loving one's neighbor as oneself, as he puts David's well-being above his own familial ties.

let us go out to the field
The phrase "let us go out to the field" indicates a deliberate choice to seek privacy. In ancient times, fields were often places of solitude, away from the prying eyes and ears of the city. This decision underscores the need for confidentiality in their discussion, highlighting the danger David is in. The field, in biblical symbolism, can also represent a place of testing and revelation, as seen in other scriptural accounts. Here, it becomes a setting for the unfolding of God's providential care and the deepening of Jonathan and David's covenant relationship.

So the two of them went out to the field
This action signifies unity and mutual trust between Jonathan and David. The Hebrew verb "וַיֵּצְאוּ" (vayetze'u), meaning "they went out," conveys a sense of purpose and determination. The narrative emphasizes their solidarity in the face of adversity. Historically, this moment is crucial as it sets the stage for the reaffirmation of their covenant, a bond that transcends personal and political conflicts. Their journey to the field is not just a physical movement but a spiritual and relational journey, reflecting the biblical theme of friendship and loyalty under God's guidance.

Then Jonathan said to David
This phrase introduces a pivotal moment in the narrative, highlighting the deep bond and covenant between Jonathan and David. Jonathan, the son of King Saul, is speaking to David, who is anointed to be the next king of Israel. The Hebrew root for "said" (אָמַר, 'amar) often implies a declaration or a promise, underscoring the seriousness of Jonathan's commitment to David. This moment is a testament to their friendship and Jonathan's loyalty, even at the risk of his own position and safety.

By the LORD, the God of Israel
Jonathan invokes the name of the LORD (YHWH), the covenantal name of God, emphasizing the solemnity and sacredness of his promise. The phrase "the God of Israel" reinforces the national and spiritual identity of the Israelites, reminding us of God's ongoing relationship and covenant with His people. This invocation is not merely a formality; it is a binding oath that reflects Jonathan's deep faith and recognition of God's sovereignty over Israel and their personal lives.

I will surely sound out my father
The phrase "sound out" (Hebrew: חָקַר, chaqar) suggests a thorough investigation or inquiry. Jonathan is committed to discerning his father Saul's intentions towards David. This action requires wisdom and courage, as Jonathan must navigate the dangerous political landscape of his father's court. It highlights Jonathan's role as a mediator and protector, willing to take risks to ensure David's safety.

by this time tomorrow or the next day
This specific timeframe indicates the urgency and immediacy of the situation. Jonathan understands the gravity of the threat against David and is determined to act quickly. The mention of "tomorrow or the next day" reflects the uncertainty and tension of the moment, as well as Jonathan's resolve to provide David with timely information.

If he is favorably inclined toward you
Jonathan hopes for a positive outcome, where Saul's anger towards David has subsided. The phrase "favorably inclined" (Hebrew: טוֹב, tov) conveys a sense of goodness or well-being. Jonathan desires peace and reconciliation, reflecting his hope that his father will recognize David's loyalty and service to the kingdom.

will I not send you word and let you know?
Jonathan assures David of his commitment to communicate the outcome, emphasizing his reliability and trustworthiness. The repetition of "send you word and let you know" underscores the importance of the message and Jonathan's dedication to ensuring David's safety. This promise is a reflection of the covenantal relationship between Jonathan and David, rooted in mutual trust and divine purpose.

But if my father intends to harm you
This phrase reveals the deep concern Jonathan has for David's safety. The Hebrew root for "harm" (רָעַע, ra'a) implies not just physical harm but also moral and spiritual wrongdoing. Jonathan's loyalty to David over his own father, King Saul, underscores the biblical principle of prioritizing righteousness and God's will over familial ties when they conflict. Historically, this reflects the tension in Saul's court and the dangerous political climate David navigated.

may the LORD deal with Jonathan
Here, Jonathan invokes a solemn oath, calling upon the LORD (YHWH) to hold him accountable. The Hebrew word for "deal" (עָשָׂה, asah) suggests an active, purposeful action by God. This reflects the seriousness with which oaths were taken in ancient Israel, where invoking God's name was a binding commitment. Jonathan's willingness to face divine retribution highlights his integrity and the sacredness of his promise to David.

be it ever so severely
This phrase emphasizes the gravity of Jonathan's oath. The Hebrew idiom used here (כֹּה יַעֲשֶׂה, koh ya'aseh) is a common biblical expression for invoking a curse upon oneself if a promise is broken. It underscores the depth of Jonathan's commitment and the seriousness with which he views his covenant with David, reflecting the high value placed on faithfulness and truth in biblical ethics.

if I do not let you know and send you away safely
Jonathan promises to inform David of any danger and ensure his safety. The Hebrew word for "safely" (שָׁלוֹם, shalom) encompasses peace, completeness, and welfare. This reflects the biblical theme of God's providence and protection over His chosen ones. Jonathan's role as a protector foreshadows the peace and security that God promises to those who trust in Him.

May the LORD be with you
This blessing invokes God's presence and favor upon David. The Hebrew concept of God "being with" someone (עִמָּנוּ, immanu) signifies divine support and guidance. This reflects the biblical assurance that God is with His people, guiding and sustaining them through trials. Jonathan's blessing acknowledges David's future as God's anointed king, affirming God's ongoing presence in his life.

as He has been with my father
Jonathan references God's past relationship with Saul, acknowledging the divine favor Saul once enjoyed. This comparison serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty and the conditional nature of His blessings, dependent on obedience and faithfulness. It also highlights the tragic decline of Saul's kingship due to disobedience, contrasting with the hope of David's future reign under God's guidance.

And as long as I live
This phrase underscores the temporal nature of human life and the urgency of the request being made. In the Hebrew text, the phrase reflects a plea for ongoing kindness and loyalty during the speaker's lifetime. The speaker, Jonathan, is aware of the fragility of life and the importance of securing a promise of protection and kindness from David. This reflects a deep understanding of covenant relationships in ancient Israel, where life was often uncertain, and alliances were crucial for survival.

treat me
The Hebrew root here is "עָשָׂה" (asah), which means to do, make, or act. Jonathan is asking David to actively demonstrate kindness and loyalty. This is not a passive request but a call for deliberate and consistent action. In the context of their covenant, it emphasizes the importance of actions over mere words, reflecting the biblical principle that faith and love are demonstrated through deeds.

with the LORD’s loving devotion
The term "loving devotion" is translated from the Hebrew word "חֶסֶד" (chesed), which is a rich and multifaceted term often rendered as lovingkindness, mercy, or steadfast love. It is a key attribute of God’s character, reflecting His covenantal faithfulness and mercy. Jonathan is invoking the highest standard of loyalty and kindness, one that mirrors God’s own covenantal love. This highlights the spiritual depth of Jonathan's request, as he seeks a relationship with David that reflects divine principles.

that I may not die
This phrase reveals the gravity of Jonathan's situation and the potential danger he faces. In the historical context, Jonathan is aware of the political tensions and the threat to his life due to his father Saul's animosity towards David. The plea for life is not just a personal request but also a recognition of the precariousness of his position. It underscores the seriousness of the covenant between Jonathan and David, as it involves life-and-death stakes. This reflects the biblical theme of seeking refuge and protection under God’s covenant, trusting in His provision and care through human relationships.

And do not ever cut off your kindness
The Hebrew word for "kindness" here is "chesed," which conveys a deep sense of loyal love, mercy, and faithfulness. This term is often used to describe God's covenantal love for His people. In the context of Jonathan's plea to David, it reflects a request for enduring loyalty and mercy, transcending personal and political turmoil. The phrase underscores the importance of steadfast love and faithfulness, virtues that are central to the character of God and are to be emulated by His followers.

from my family
Jonathan's request is not just for himself but extends to his entire family, highlighting the communal nature of covenants in ancient Israel. The family, or "bayit" in Hebrew, was the fundamental social unit, and its well-being was paramount. This plea for kindness to his family reflects the interconnectedness of personal relationships and the broader community, emphasizing the biblical principle of generational blessings and responsibilities.

not even when the LORD has cut off
The phrase "cut off" is translated from the Hebrew word "karath," which often refers to making or breaking covenants, as well as the act of destruction or removal. Here, it signifies a divine intervention where God will decisively act against David's enemies. This reflects the biblical theme of divine justice and sovereignty, where God is the ultimate arbiter of human affairs, ensuring that His purposes are fulfilled.

every one of David’s enemies
This part of the verse speaks to the comprehensive nature of God's deliverance. The term "enemies" in Hebrew is "oyeb," which refers to adversaries or those who oppose God's anointed. The assurance that all of David's enemies will be dealt with by God underscores the biblical truth that God protects and vindicates His chosen ones, a theme that resonates throughout the Psalms and the prophetic writings.

from the face of the earth
This phrase emphasizes the totality and finality of God's judgment. The "face of the earth" is a Hebrew idiom that denotes the entirety of the world, suggesting that God's actions are both thorough and universal. It serves as a reminder of God's omnipotence and His ultimate authority over creation, reinforcing the hope and assurance that evil will not prevail against God's plans and His people.

So Jonathan made a covenant
The word "covenant" in Hebrew is "בְּרִית" (berit), which signifies a solemn agreement or promise, often ratified by a ritual or sacrifice. In the ancient Near Eastern context, covenants were binding and sacred, often involving mutual commitments. Jonathan's covenant with David is a profound act of loyalty and love, transcending familial and political alliances. It reflects the deep bond between Jonathan and David, rooted in mutual respect and divine purpose. This covenant is a testament to Jonathan's recognition of God's anointing on David and his willingness to support God's plan, even at personal cost.

with the house of David
The phrase "house of David" refers not just to David himself but to his entire lineage and future dynasty. This is significant because it acknowledges David's future as a king and the establishment of his royal line, which is central to the biblical narrative. Historically, the "house of David" becomes a key theme in the Bible, leading to the messianic prophecies fulfilled in Jesus Christ. Jonathan's covenant is thus not only a personal commitment but also a prophetic act that aligns with God's unfolding plan for Israel.

saying, 'May the LORD hold David’s enemies accountable.'
The invocation of "the LORD" (Yahweh) underscores the spiritual dimension of the covenant. It is not merely a human agreement but one that is placed under divine oversight. The phrase "hold...accountable" suggests a call for divine justice and protection over David. In the Hebrew context, this reflects a trust in God's righteousness and sovereignty. Jonathan's words express a desire for God to actively intervene in the affairs of David's life, ensuring that those who oppose God's anointed will face divine retribution. This reflects a deep faith in God's providential care and justice, a theme that resonates throughout the Scriptures.

And Jonathan
The name "Jonathan" in Hebrew is "Yehonatan," meaning "Yahweh has given." Jonathan, the son of King Saul, is a significant figure in the narrative of 1 Samuel. His name itself is a testament to the providence and grace of God, suggesting that Jonathan's actions and character are gifts from God. His role as a prince and a warrior is overshadowed by his deep spiritual and emotional connection with David, which is central to this passage.

had David reaffirm his vow
The act of reaffirming a vow indicates a renewal or strengthening of a previous commitment. In the Hebrew context, vows were sacred and binding, often made before God as a witness. This phrase suggests a deepening of the covenantal relationship between Jonathan and David, emphasizing the seriousness and sanctity of their bond. It reflects the biblical principle of covenant, which is foundational to understanding God's relationship with His people.

out of love for him
The Hebrew word for love used here is "ahavah," which encompasses a range of meanings from deep affection to covenantal loyalty. Jonathan's love for David is not merely emotional but is rooted in a commitment that mirrors the steadfast love God shows to His people. This love transcends personal gain or political advantage, highlighting a selfless and sacrificial nature that is a model for Christian relationships.

for Jonathan loved David
This repetition underscores the depth and sincerity of Jonathan's feelings. The narrative emphasizes that Jonathan's actions are motivated by genuine love, which is a reflection of the biblical command to love one's neighbor. This love is a powerful force that shapes the events of the story, demonstrating the transformative power of godly relationships.

as he loved himself
This phrase echoes the commandment found in Leviticus 19:18, "Love your neighbor as yourself," which Jesus later affirms as one of the greatest commandments. Jonathan's love for David is portrayed as pure and selfless, setting a standard for Christian love and friendship. It challenges believers to consider how they love others and to strive for a love that mirrors the selfless love of Christ.

Then Jonathan said to David
This phrase introduces a moment of deep friendship and loyalty between Jonathan and David. Jonathan, the son of King Saul, is speaking to David, who is anointed to be the next king of Israel. The Hebrew root for "said" (אָמַר, 'amar) often conveys not just the act of speaking but also the intention and emotion behind the words. Jonathan's words are filled with concern and care, highlighting the covenantal bond between the two men. This relationship is a profound example of godly friendship, characterized by selflessness and mutual respect, which is a model for Christian relationships today.

Tomorrow is the New Moon
The "New Moon" refers to the beginning of the lunar month in the Hebrew calendar, a time marked by special sacrifices and feasting (Numbers 28:11-15). The Hebrew word for "New Moon" is חֹדֶשׁ (chodesh), which also means "month." This was a significant time for the Israelites, both religiously and socially. The New Moon festival was a time of renewal and reflection, reminding the people of God's creation and His provision. In the context of this verse, it sets the stage for the unfolding events, as David's absence from the king's table would be conspicuous.

and you will be missed
The phrase "you will be missed" underscores the anticipated absence of David at the royal table. The Hebrew root פָּקַד (paqad) can mean to miss, to visit, or to appoint, indicating a sense of expectation and significance. David's absence would not go unnoticed, highlighting his importance in the royal court and the tension between him and King Saul. This phrase also reflects the emotional weight of the situation, as Jonathan and David navigate the dangers posed by Saul's jealousy.

if your seat is empty
The "seat" here refers to David's place at the king's table, a position of honor and recognition. The Hebrew word מָקוֹם (maqom) means "place" or "seat," signifying not just a physical location but also a role or status. An empty seat would be a silent testimony to David's absence and the strained relationship with Saul. In a broader sense, this phrase can symbolize the void left by the absence of righteous leadership or fellowship, reminding believers of the importance of presence and participation in community and worship.

And on the third day
The phrase "on the third day" is significant throughout Scripture, often symbolizing divine intervention or completion. In Hebrew culture, the third day is frequently associated with important events, such as the resurrection of Jesus Christ. Here, it marks a critical moment in David and Jonathan's plan, emphasizing the urgency and divine timing in their actions.

you shall go down quickly
The instruction to "go down quickly" underscores the urgency and danger of the situation. The Hebrew root for "go down" (יָרַד, yarad) often implies descending to a lower place, both physically and metaphorically. This descent can symbolize humility or submission to God's will, as David must trust in God's protection during this perilous time.

and come to the place
The directive to "come to the place" suggests a predetermined, significant location. In biblical narratives, specific places often hold spiritual or covenantal importance. This place is a sanctuary for David, a reminder of God's provision and the covenantal friendship between him and Jonathan.

where you hid on the day of the deed
The reference to "the day of the deed" recalls a previous event of significance, likely a moment of danger or decision. The Hebrew word for "hid" (סָתַר, satar) implies concealment and protection. This hiding place symbolizes God's sheltering presence, a theme echoed throughout the Psalms, where God is often described as a refuge.

and remain beside the stone Ezel
The "stone Ezel" serves as a landmark and a witness to the covenant between David and Jonathan. In ancient Israel, stones often marked significant events or covenants (e.g., Jacob's stone at Bethel). The name "Ezel" may mean "departure" or "going away," symbolizing both the physical separation and the enduring bond between the two friends. This stone is a testament to God's faithfulness and the enduring nature of godly relationships.

I will shoot
The Hebrew root for "shoot" is "יָרָה" (yarah), which means to throw, cast, or shoot. This action is deliberate and purposeful, indicating Jonathan's intention to communicate a specific message to David. In the context of ancient warfare and hunting, shooting an arrow required skill and precision, symbolizing Jonathan's careful planning and the seriousness of the situation. This act is not just a physical action but a means of conveying a covert message, highlighting the ingenuity and loyalty in Jonathan's friendship with David.

three arrows
The number three in biblical terms often signifies completeness or divine perfection. In this context, the "three arrows" serve as a complete and clear signal to David. The use of arrows, a common weapon in ancient Israel, underscores the urgency and danger of the situation. Jonathan's choice of three arrows as a signal reflects a well-thought-out plan to ensure David's safety, demonstrating Jonathan's commitment to his covenant with David and his understanding of the gravity of Saul's intentions.

to the side
The phrase "to the side" indicates a specific direction, suggesting that the arrows are not meant to hit a target directly but to serve as a sign. This directionality is crucial for David, who is hiding and awaiting Jonathan's signal. The strategic placement of the arrows "to the side" ensures that the message is clear and unmistakable, reflecting Jonathan's wisdom and the trust between him and David. It also symbolizes the indirect yet effective communication required in times of danger and persecution.

as if I were aiming
The phrase "as if I were aiming" implies a pretense or a ruse. Jonathan's actions are meant to appear as a normal practice of archery, disguising the true purpose of his actions from any onlookers. This highlights the need for discretion and caution in the face of King Saul's hostility. Jonathan's ability to maintain this facade while executing his plan demonstrates his courage and the depth of his loyalty to David, as he risks his own safety to protect his friend.

at a target
The "target" in this context is not a literal one but a metaphorical goal of communicating with David. The Hebrew word for "target" can also mean a mark or a sign, emphasizing the symbolic nature of Jonathan's actions. This reflects the broader theme of divine providence and guidance, as Jonathan and David rely on God's wisdom to navigate their perilous circumstances. The "target" represents the successful transmission of Jonathan's message, ensuring David's understanding and subsequent actions for his safety.

Then I will send a boy
In the ancient Near Eastern context, it was common for servants or young boys to assist in tasks such as retrieving arrows. The Hebrew word for "boy" here is "na'ar," which can refer to a young man or servant. This reflects the hierarchical social structure of the time, where servants played crucial roles in daily life. The use of a boy in this scenario also adds a layer of innocence and neutrality to the message being conveyed.

and say, ‘Go, find the arrows!’
The act of sending the boy to find the arrows is a covert method of communication between Jonathan and David. Arrows in this context are not just weapons but symbols of the message being sent. The Hebrew word for "arrows" is "chets," which can also imply a sharp or decisive message. This reflects the urgency and precision required in their communication to ensure David's safety.

If I expressly say to him
The phrase "expressly say" indicates a clear and deliberate communication. In Hebrew, the word used here is "amar," which means to say or declare. This highlights the importance of clarity in Jonathan's message to avoid any misunderstanding that could endanger David's life. It underscores the gravity of the situation and the need for precise communication.

‘Look, the arrows are on this side of you; bring them here,’
This phrase serves as a coded message. The direction of the arrows signifies whether David is safe or in danger. The specificity of "on this side of you" indicates a prearranged signal between Jonathan and David. This reflects the deep trust and understanding between the two friends, as well as the necessity for secrecy in a time of political intrigue.

then come, because as surely as the LORD lives
The invocation of the LORD's name here is significant. It is a solemn oath, emphasizing the truth and seriousness of Jonathan's message. The Hebrew word for LORD is "Yahweh," the covenant name of God, which underscores the sacredness of the promise. This reflects Jonathan's faith and integrity, as he invokes God's name to assure David of his safety.

you are safe, and there is no danger
The assurance of safety is central to this message. The Hebrew word for "safe" is "shalom," which means peace, completeness, or welfare. It signifies not just the absence of danger but a state of well-being. This reflects the protective and caring nature of Jonathan's friendship with David, as he seeks to ensure David's peace and security amidst the threat from Saul.

But if I say to the young man
This phrase introduces a conditional statement, indicating a potential scenario. In the Hebrew context, the word "young man" (נַעַר, na'ar) often refers to a servant or a youth. Jonathan, the speaker, is using this phrase to communicate a secret message to David. The use of a young man as a messenger highlights the innocence and unawareness of the servant in the larger scheme of events, emphasizing the clandestine nature of Jonathan and David's communication.

‘Look, the arrows are beyond you,’
The phrase "the arrows are beyond you" serves as a coded message. In the historical context, archery was a common skill, and the use of arrows here is symbolic. The Hebrew word for "beyond" (הָלְאָה, hal'ah) suggests something that is further away or out of reach. This phrase is a prearranged signal between Jonathan and David, indicating danger and the need for David to flee. The use of such a signal underscores the perilous situation and the need for discretion due to King Saul's hostility towards David.

then you must go
This directive is clear and urgent. The Hebrew verb for "go" (לֵךְ, lekh) is an imperative, conveying a sense of immediacy and necessity. Jonathan is instructing David to leave without delay, highlighting the seriousness of the threat posed by Saul. This command reflects Jonathan's loyalty and concern for David's safety, even at the risk of his own relationship with his father, Saul.

for the LORD has sent you away
This phrase attributes the situation to divine intervention. The use of "the LORD" (יְהוָה, Yahweh) emphasizes the belief in God's sovereignty and guidance. In the conservative Christian perspective, this reflects the understanding that God is actively involved in the lives of His people, directing their paths according to His will. The phrase "has sent you away" suggests that David's departure is not merely a result of human circumstances but is orchestrated by God for a greater purpose. This underscores the theme of divine providence and protection throughout David's life, as God prepares him for future leadership over Israel.

And as for the matter
This phrase refers to the secretive and crucial conversation between Jonathan and David regarding Saul's intentions. The Hebrew word for "matter" is "dabar," which can mean word, thing, or matter. It emphasizes the gravity and importance of their discussion, highlighting the weight of their covenant and the seriousness of the situation. In the context of ancient Israel, words and promises held significant power, often seen as binding and sacred.

you and I discussed
The phrase underscores the personal and intimate nature of the conversation between Jonathan and David. It reflects the deep bond and trust between them. The Hebrew root "siach" implies a dialogue or meditation, suggesting that their discussion was thoughtful and deliberate. This highlights the importance of communication and understanding in relationships, especially when facing trials.

the LORD is a witness
This declaration invokes the divine as the ultimate overseer of their covenant. The Hebrew word for "witness" is "ed," which signifies someone who testifies or bears witness. In ancient times, invoking God as a witness was a solemn act, ensuring that the agreement was not just between men but under divine observation. It reflects the belief in God's omnipresence and His role as the ultimate judge and protector of truth.

between you and me
This phrase emphasizes the personal commitment and accountability between Jonathan and David. It signifies a mutual understanding and agreement, highlighting the strength of their friendship. The Hebrew preposition "beyn" indicates a relationship or connection, underscoring the bond that transcends mere words. It serves as a reminder of the importance of loyalty and faithfulness in friendships.

forever
The use of "forever" signifies the eternal nature of their covenant. The Hebrew word "olam" can mean everlasting or perpetual, indicating that their agreement is not limited by time. This reflects the biblical theme of enduring covenants, reminiscent of God's eternal promises to His people. It serves as an inspiration for believers to strive for lasting commitments and to trust in the eternal nature of God's promises.

So David hid in the field
The phrase "David hid in the field" reflects a moment of intense danger and strategic planning. The Hebrew root for "hid" is "סָתַר" (satar), which conveys the idea of concealment or protection. This action is not just a physical hiding but also a spiritual act of seeking refuge in God's providence. David, anointed by God yet pursued by King Saul, demonstrates wisdom and reliance on divine guidance. The field, a place of openness and vulnerability, becomes a sanctuary, symbolizing how God can provide safety even in the most exposed situations. Historically, fields were common places for shepherds and warriors, linking David's past as a shepherd and his future as a king.

and when the New Moon had come
The "New Moon" marks the beginning of the Hebrew month, a time of renewal and religious observance. The Hebrew word for "New Moon" is "חֹדֶשׁ" (chodesh), which signifies newness and a fresh start. This period was significant in Israelite culture, often associated with feasting and sacrifices (Numbers 28:11-15). The New Moon festival provided a communal setting where Saul's absence of David would be conspicuous, highlighting the tension between Saul and David. This timing underscores the divine orchestration of events, as God uses established traditions to reveal the hearts and intentions of men.

the king sat down to eat
The phrase "the king sat down to eat" indicates a royal meal, a setting of both political and familial significance. In ancient Near Eastern culture, meals were more than sustenance; they were a time for covenantal fellowship and decision-making. The Hebrew root for "sat down" is "יָשַׁב" (yashab), meaning to dwell or remain, suggesting a sense of authority and permanence. Saul's position at the table symbolizes his current reign and the tension of his declining favor with God. This meal, intended for celebration, becomes a stage for the unfolding drama between Saul and David, illustrating the contrast between human authority and divine will.

He sat in his usual place
This phrase indicates a customary practice, suggesting a structured and hierarchical setting at the royal table. The Hebrew root for "usual" (מוּסָב, musab) implies a designated or appointed place, reflecting the order and protocol in the court of King Saul. This setting underscores the importance of tradition and the respect for authority within the Israelite monarchy, highlighting the tension when such order is disrupted, as seen with David's absence.

by the wall
Sitting "by the wall" suggests a position of security and authority. In ancient Near Eastern culture, the wall was a place of protection, and sitting near it could symbolize a position of power or favor. Saul's choice of this spot may reflect his status as king and his desire for control and oversight, both physically and politically, within his court.

opposite Jonathan
The placement "opposite Jonathan" signifies a relational and political dynamic. Jonathan, Saul's son, was not only a prince but also David's close friend. The Hebrew word for "opposite" (נֶגֶד, neged) can imply confrontation or presence. This positioning highlights the tension between familial loyalty and the burgeoning friendship and alliance between Jonathan and David, which would have been a source of concern for Saul.

beside Abner
Abner, Saul's cousin and commander of his army, was a significant figure in Saul's reign. Sitting "beside Abner" indicates a close advisory relationship, as Abner was a key military and political ally. The Hebrew term for "beside" (אֵצֶל, etzel) suggests proximity and support, emphasizing the importance of Abner's role in Saul's administration and the trust Saul placed in him.

but David’s place was empty
The absence of David is the focal point of this verse. The Hebrew word for "empty" (פָּנָה, panah) can also mean "vacant" or "unoccupied," symbolizing not just a physical absence but a significant void in the court. David's empty seat foreshadows the growing rift between him and Saul, and the impending shift in Israel's leadership. This absence is laden with tension, as it signifies David's increasing alienation and the threat Saul perceives in him, setting the stage for the unfolding drama of David's rise and Saul's decline.

Saul said nothing that day
This phrase indicates a moment of silence from Saul, which is significant given his usual impulsive nature. The Hebrew root for "said" is "אָמַר" (amar), which often implies a declaration or command. Saul's silence here is strategic, reflecting his internal conflict and suspicion. Historically, Saul's silence can be seen as a moment of tension, as he is aware of David's absence but chooses not to act immediately. This restraint is unusual for Saul, suggesting a deeper turmoil or calculation.

for he thought
The Hebrew word for "thought" is "חָשַׁב" (chashav), meaning to consider or reckon. This indicates Saul's internal reasoning process. In the context of ancient Israel, leaders were expected to be decisive, yet here Saul is caught in a moment of introspection. This phrase highlights Saul's attempt to rationalize David's absence, showing his reliance on human reasoning rather than seeking divine guidance.

Something has happened to him
This phrase suggests an unexpected event or circumstance. The Hebrew "קָרָה" (qarah) implies an occurrence or chance happening. Saul's assumption reflects the unpredictability of life and the cultural understanding of divine providence. In the biblical narrative, this moment underscores the tension between human plans and God's sovereign will, as Saul tries to make sense of David's absence through natural explanations.

to make him ceremonially unclean
The concept of ceremonial uncleanness is rooted in the Hebrew word "טָמֵא" (tamei), which refers to a state of impurity that prevents participation in religious activities. This reflects the Levitical laws found in the Torah, where certain conditions or actions rendered a person temporarily unfit for worship. Saul's assumption that David is unclean shows his adherence to religious customs and his attempt to find a plausible explanation within the framework of Jewish law.

surely he is unclean
The repetition of the idea of uncleanness emphasizes Saul's conviction. The Hebrew "אָכֵן" (aken) is an emphatic particle, underscoring Saul's certainty. This reflects a common practice in Hebrew literature to reinforce a point through repetition. Saul's insistence on David's uncleanness reveals his desire to rationalize the situation, perhaps to quell his own fears about David's loyalty and the potential threat to his kingship.

But the next day
This phrase sets the scene for the unfolding drama, indicating the passage of time and continuity in the narrative. In the Hebrew context, the concept of time is often linked with divine providence. The "next day" signifies a new opportunity for God's plan to unfold, reminding us of the importance of patience and trust in God's timing.

the second day of the new moon
The new moon was a significant time in the Hebrew calendar, often associated with religious observance and communal gatherings. The second day of the new moon would have been a continuation of these celebrations. This highlights the cultural and religious backdrop of the narrative, emphasizing the importance of community and tradition in Israelite society.

David’s place was empty again
David's absence is a critical element in the story, symbolizing tension and conflict. In Hebrew culture, sharing a meal was a sign of fellowship and peace. David's empty place underscores the broken relationship between him and Saul, and foreshadows the impending danger David faces. It serves as a reminder of the cost of standing for righteousness in the face of adversity.

and Saul said to his son Jonathan
This interaction between Saul and Jonathan is pivotal. Saul, the king, represents authority and power, while Jonathan, his son, symbolizes loyalty and friendship. Their dialogue reflects the internal conflict within Saul's family and kingdom. It reminds us of the challenges of navigating familial and spiritual allegiances.

Why hasn’t the son of Jesse
Saul's reference to David as "the son of Jesse" rather than by his name is telling. It reflects Saul's growing animosity and dehumanization of David. In the Hebrew tradition, names carry significant meaning and identity. By not using David's name, Saul distances himself from David, highlighting the deepening rift and Saul's jealousy.

come to the meal
The meal is more than just physical sustenance; it is a symbol of unity and covenant. In biblical times, sharing a meal was an act of peace and acceptance. David's absence from the meal signifies his alienation and the broken fellowship with Saul. It serves as a metaphor for the spiritual and relational discord that sin and jealousy can cause.

either yesterday or today?
Saul's inquiry about David's absence over two days indicates his growing suspicion and paranoia. The repetition of "yesterday or today" emphasizes Saul's obsession with David and his perceived threat to his throne. It serves as a cautionary tale about the destructive nature of envy and the importance of guarding one's heart against such emotions.

Jonathan answered
The name "Jonathan" means "Yahweh has given" in Hebrew, reflecting his role as a God-given friend and ally to David. Jonathan's response here is significant as it demonstrates his loyalty to David over his own father, King Saul. In the context of ancient Israel, familial loyalty was paramount, yet Jonathan's actions underscore a higher allegiance to God's anointed, David. This highlights the biblical principle of prioritizing divine relationships over earthly ones.

David urgently requested
The Hebrew root for "requested" (שָׁאַל, sha'al) implies a strong, earnest plea. David's urgency reflects the dire circumstances he faced, being pursued by Saul. This urgency is not just a matter of personal safety but also a reflection of the spiritual warfare at play. David, as God's chosen king, is under threat, and his request underscores the need for divine intervention and protection. This phrase reminds believers of the importance of earnest prayer and seeking God's guidance in times of distress.

my permission
The concept of "permission" here indicates the social and hierarchical structures in place. Jonathan, as the king's son, held a position of authority, and David's request for permission shows respect for these structures. It also highlights the theme of submission to authority, a recurring biblical principle. However, Jonathan's willingness to grant this permission, even against his father's wishes, illustrates the biblical tension between obeying earthly authority and following God's will.

to go to Bethlehem
Bethlehem, meaning "house of bread" in Hebrew, is significant as David's hometown and later as the birthplace of Jesus Christ. This reference to Bethlehem is not just geographical but also theological, pointing to God's providential plan throughout history. David's return to Bethlehem symbolizes a return to his roots and a place of safety. For Christians, Bethlehem holds messianic significance, reminding us of God's faithfulness in fulfilling His promises through Christ. This phrase encourages believers to trust in God's overarching plan, even when circumstances seem uncertain.

He said, 'Please let me go
This phrase reflects a request for permission, indicating a respectful and humble approach. In the Hebrew context, the word "please" (נָא, na) is often used to convey a polite entreaty. It underscores the importance of humility and respect in relationships, especially when addressing authority figures. This approach is consistent with the biblical principle of honoring those in leadership, as seen throughout Scripture.

because our clan has a sacrifice in the city
The mention of a "sacrifice" (זֶבַח, zevach) highlights the religious and communal practices of ancient Israel. Sacrifices were central to worship and community life, serving as a means of atonement and fellowship with God. The "clan" (מִשְׁפָּחָה, mishpachah) indicates a family or extended family unit, emphasizing the communal nature of worship and the importance of family ties in Hebrew culture.

and my brother has told me to attend
The reference to "my brother" suggests familial obligations and the importance of kinship. In ancient Israel, family loyalty was paramount, and attending family gatherings was a duty. This phrase also implies a sense of accountability and responsibility within the family structure, reflecting the biblical value of honoring one's family.

So now, if I have found favor in your eyes
Finding "favor" (חֵן, chen) in someone's eyes is a recurring theme in the Bible, often associated with grace and approval. This phrase indicates a desire for approval and acceptance, which is a fundamental human need. It also reflects the biblical principle of seeking to live in a way that is pleasing to others, especially those in authority, as a reflection of one's character and integrity.

please let me go to see my brothers
The repetition of "please" reinforces the respectful tone of the request. The desire to "see my brothers" underscores the importance of maintaining family connections and fulfilling familial duties. In the biblical context, visiting family was not just a social obligation but a spiritual one, reflecting the commandment to honor one's family.

That is why he has not come to the king’s table
The "king’s table" symbolizes a place of honor and privilege. Not attending the king's table would be a significant absence, indicating the weight of the familial obligation. This phrase highlights the tension between personal duties and public responsibilities, a theme that resonates throughout Scripture. It serves as a reminder of the need to balance different aspects of life while maintaining integrity and faithfulness to one's commitments.

Then Saul’s anger burned
The phrase "anger burned" in Hebrew is "חָרָה אַף" (charah aph), which literally translates to "nose burned," a vivid metaphor for intense anger. In the ancient Near Eastern context, anger was often depicted as a burning sensation, reflecting the physical and emotional intensity of the feeling. Saul's anger here is not just a momentary irritation but a deep-seated rage that has been kindled by perceived betrayal. This highlights the volatile nature of Saul's character and his inability to control his emotions, which is a recurring theme in his interactions with David and Jonathan.

against Jonathan
Jonathan, Saul's son, is caught in a conflict of loyalty between his father and David. Historically, Jonathan is portrayed as a noble and righteous character, whose friendship with David is one of the most profound examples of loyalty and love in the Bible. Saul's anger towards Jonathan underscores the tragic division within Saul's family, as Jonathan's allegiance to David is seen as a betrayal by Saul. This familial conflict is emblematic of the broader spiritual and political turmoil in Israel during Saul's reign.

and he said to him
The act of speaking in this context is significant. In the Hebrew tradition, words have power and can convey blessings or curses. Saul's words are not just expressions of anger but are intended to wound and shame Jonathan. This reflects the destructive power of speech and the responsibility that comes with it, a theme that resonates throughout Scripture.

You son of a perverse and rebellious woman!
This insult is a harsh and derogatory statement aimed at both Jonathan and his mother. In the ancient world, family lineage and honor were of utmost importance, and to insult one's mother was to attack one's very identity and honor. Saul's use of such language reveals his desperation and loss of rationality. It also reflects the patriarchal society where women were often blamed for the perceived failings of their children, highlighting the cultural context of the time.

Do I not know
This rhetorical question indicates Saul's awareness and suspicion of Jonathan's loyalty to David. It suggests a sense of betrayal and paranoia that has consumed Saul. The phrase underscores Saul's deteriorating mental state and his obsession with David as a threat to his throne, which blinds him to the loyalty and love of his own son.

that you have sided with the son of Jesse
Referring to David as "the son of Jesse" is a way to diminish his status, emphasizing his humble origins. Saul's refusal to use David's name reflects his disdain and refusal to acknowledge David's anointing and rising popularity. This phrase also highlights the tension between Saul's kingship and David's divine anointing, a central conflict in the narrative of 1 Samuel.

to your own shame
Shame in the Hebrew context is a profound social and spiritual concept. It implies a loss of honor and standing within the community. Saul's accusation that Jonathan has brought shame upon himself by siding with David reflects the cultural values of honor and loyalty. It also reveals Saul's manipulation, attempting to use shame as a tool to control and coerce Jonathan.

and to the shame of the mother who bore you?
This final phrase reiterates the insult to Jonathan's mother, emphasizing the perceived disgrace brought upon the family. In the biblical narrative, the family unit is sacred, and to bring shame upon one's family is a serious offense. Saul's words are intended to isolate Jonathan, making him feel the weight of his father's disapproval and the supposed dishonor to his family. This reflects the broader theme of familial loyalty and the cost of following God's chosen path, as Jonathan chooses to support David despite the personal and familial consequences.

For as long as the son of Jesse lives
This phrase refers to David, who is often called "the son of Jesse" to emphasize his humble origins. In Hebrew, "son of Jesse" (בֶּן־יִשַׁי, ben-Yishai) underscores David's identity and lineage, which is significant in the narrative of Israel's monarchy. Historically, this reflects the tension between Saul, the current king, and David, the anointed future king. Saul's fear of David's potential to take over the throne is palpable, and this phrase captures the existential threat Saul perceives in David's continued existence.

on this earth
The Hebrew word for "earth" (אֲדָמָה, adamah) can also mean "ground" or "land," emphasizing the physical realm in which human life and political power play out. This phrase highlights the temporal and earthly nature of Saul's concerns, contrasting with the divine perspective that sees beyond earthly power struggles. It reminds us that human kingdoms are transient, while God's plans are eternal.

neither you nor your kingdom will be established
The word "established" (קוּם, qum) in Hebrew conveys the idea of being confirmed or made secure. Saul is speaking to his son Jonathan, expressing the belief that David's existence threatens the stability and future of Jonathan's potential reign. This reflects the ancient Near Eastern understanding of dynastic succession, where the establishment of a kingdom was often fraught with challenges and rival claims. Spiritually, it underscores the futility of opposing God's anointed, as true establishment comes from divine, not human, authority.

Now send someone to bring him to me
This command reveals Saul's desperation and determination to eliminate David. The act of sending someone to capture David indicates Saul's reliance on others to carry out his will, a common practice for kings who wielded power through their subordinates. It also foreshadows the relentless pursuit of David by Saul, which becomes a central theme in the narrative. This phrase challenges us to consider the lengths to which people will go to protect their power and the moral implications of such actions.

for he must die!
The Hebrew phrase here (כִּי־מוֹת יָמוּת, ki-mot yamut) is emphatic, indicating Saul's resolve that David's death is necessary. This reflects the ancient legal principle of "mot yamut," often used in the context of capital punishment. Saul's declaration is not just a personal vendetta but a perceived necessity for the survival of his dynasty. From a theological perspective, this highlights the tragic irony of Saul's situation: in seeking to preserve his kingdom through violence, he ultimately hastens its downfall. It serves as a sobering reminder of the destructive power of jealousy and fear when they are allowed to dictate actions.

Why must he be put to death?
This phrase is a poignant question posed by Jonathan, the son of King Saul, in defense of his friend David. The Hebrew root for "put to death" is "mûth," which conveys the ultimate penalty and finality of death. In the historical context of ancient Israel, the death penalty was reserved for severe transgressions against God's law. Jonathan's question challenges the justice of such a sentence for David, who has been loyal and faithful. This reflects Jonathan's courage and moral integrity, standing up for righteousness even against his own father, the king. It is a call to examine the motives behind our judgments and to seek God's justice rather than human retribution.

Jonathan replied
Jonathan's response is significant, as it demonstrates his loyalty and love for David, as well as his commitment to truth and justice. The Hebrew name "Jonathan" means "Yahweh has given," which is fitting as Jonathan acts as a divine instrument of protection for David. His reply is not just a defense of David but also an appeal to his father Saul's conscience. In the broader scriptural narrative, Jonathan's actions exemplify the biblical principle of standing for truth and righteousness, even when it is costly. His reply is a model of godly friendship and integrity.

What has he done?
This question underscores the innocence of David and the baselessness of Saul's hostility. The Hebrew word for "done" is "ʿāśâ," which means to act, accomplish, or produce. Jonathan is essentially asking for evidence of wrongdoing, highlighting the lack of any just cause for David's execution. This phrase invites readers to reflect on the importance of justice and the need for evidence before passing judgment. It also points to the theme of innocence suffering at the hands of unjust authority, a motif that resonates throughout the Bible and finds its ultimate expression in the life of Jesus Christ. Jonathan's question is a call to uphold truth and justice, reminding believers to seek God's wisdom in discerning right from wrong.

Then Saul hurled his spear
The act of hurling a spear is a vivid depiction of Saul's intense anger and hostility. In Hebrew, the word for "hurled" is "שָׁלַךְ" (shalach), which conveys a sense of casting or throwing with force. This action is not just a moment of anger but a deliberate attempt to harm. Historically, spears were common weapons in ancient Israel, used both in warfare and as symbols of authority. Saul's use of the spear against his own son’s friend, David, underscores the depth of his jealousy and paranoia, which had been growing since David's rise in popularity and success.

at him to kill him
The phrase "to kill him" reveals Saul's murderous intent. The Hebrew word for "kill" is "מוּת" (muth), which means to put to death or to cause to die. This is not an act of discipline or correction but a premeditated attempt on David's life. Saul's actions are a stark contrast to the commandment "You shall not murder" (Exodus 20:13), highlighting his departure from God's law. This moment marks a significant moral and spiritual decline in Saul's reign as king, as he allows his personal vendetta to override his duty to God and his people.

So Jonathan knew
Jonathan's realization is pivotal. The Hebrew word for "knew" is "יָדַע" (yada), which implies a deep understanding or recognition. Jonathan, who had been loyal to both his father and David, now fully comprehends the extent of Saul's determination to kill David. This knowledge forces Jonathan to make a difficult choice between his father and his covenant with David. Jonathan's discernment and subsequent actions demonstrate his integrity and faithfulness, qualities that are highly esteemed in biblical narratives.

that his father was determined
The phrase "was determined" indicates a fixed resolve. The Hebrew root "חָפֵץ" (chaphets) suggests a strong desire or delight in something. Saul's determination to kill David is not a fleeting emotion but a settled intention. This determination is fueled by Saul's fear and jealousy, as he perceives David as a threat to his throne. Saul's fixation on David's destruction reveals the destructive power of unchecked sin and the lengths to which it can drive a person.

to kill David
David, the anointed future king of Israel, is the target of Saul's wrath. The Hebrew name "David" (דָּוִד) means "beloved," reflecting his favored status with God. David's life is marked by God's favor and protection, even in the face of Saul's relentless pursuit. This moment foreshadows the trials David will endure before ascending to the throne, highlighting the theme of God's providence and the testing of His chosen ones. David's survival and eventual kingship serve as a testament to God's faithfulness and the fulfillment of His promises, despite human opposition.

So Jonathan got up from the table
The phrase "got up from the table" signifies a decisive action taken by Jonathan. In the Hebrew context, the act of rising from a meal was significant, often indicating a break in fellowship or a protest. Jonathan's action here is a physical manifestation of his inner turmoil and disapproval of his father's actions. In ancient Israel, meals were communal and symbolized unity and peace. By leaving the table, Jonathan is making a bold statement against the injustice he perceives.

in fierce anger
The Hebrew word for "fierce anger" is "חָרוֹן" (charon), which conveys a burning wrath. This is not a mild irritation but a deep, consuming anger. Jonathan's anger is righteous, stemming from a place of loyalty and love for David, as well as a sense of justice. His anger reflects the divine displeasure at Saul's unjust treatment of David, who is anointed by God. This moment highlights the moral and spiritual conflict within Jonathan, torn between his father and his covenant with David.

and did not eat the second day of the new moon
The "second day of the new moon" refers to the continuation of a significant religious observance in Israel. The new moon was a time of feasting and celebration, marking the beginning of a new month. Jonathan's refusal to eat is a form of fasting, a common biblical expression of mourning or protest. By abstaining from the meal, Jonathan is not only showing his personal grief but also making a public statement of dissent against Saul's actions.

for he was grieved
The word "grieved" in Hebrew is "עָצַב" (atsab), which means to be pained or distressed. Jonathan's grief is profound, indicating a deep emotional and spiritual sorrow. This grief is not just for David, but also for the brokenness within his own family and the kingdom. Jonathan's heart is heavy with the weight of the situation, reflecting the broader theme of the consequences of sin and disobedience to God.

by his father’s shameful treatment of David
The phrase "shameful treatment" underscores the moral failure of Saul. In the Hebrew culture, honor and shame were pivotal societal values. Saul's actions are not only politically unwise but morally reprehensible. Jonathan, who is portrayed as a man of integrity and faith, is deeply troubled by his father's behavior. This highlights the contrast between Saul's declining kingship and Jonathan's righteous character. Jonathan's loyalty to David, despite his father's opposition, foreshadows the eventual rise of David as king, aligning with God's divine plan.

In the morning
The phrase "in the morning" signifies a new beginning, a fresh start, and often in Scripture, it is a time of revelation or action. In Hebrew, "morning" (בֹּקֶר, boqer) often symbolizes hope and the faithfulness of God, as seen in Lamentations 3:23, "They are new every morning; great is Your faithfulness." This morning marks a pivotal moment in the relationship between Jonathan and David, highlighting the urgency and importance of their secret meeting.

Jonathan went out
Jonathan, the son of King Saul, is a figure of loyalty and righteousness. His actions are deliberate and courageous, as he chooses to protect David despite the potential consequences from his father, Saul. The Hebrew root for "went out" (יָצָא, yatsa) often implies a purposeful departure, indicating Jonathan's intentional and brave decision to support David, aligning with God's plan for David's future kingship.

to the field
The field serves as a neutral and open space, away from the prying eyes of Saul's court. In biblical times, fields were often places of solitude and reflection, as well as divine encounters, such as with Ruth and Boaz. The Hebrew word for "field" (שָׂדֶה, sadeh) can also imply a place of labor and harvest, symbolizing the work and effort required to maintain their covenant and friendship.

for the appointment
The term "appointment" (מוֹעֵד, moed) in Hebrew can also mean a designated time or meeting, often used in the context of sacred assemblies or festivals. This underscores the solemnity and significance of Jonathan and David's meeting, as it is not just a casual encounter but a divinely orchestrated moment to reaffirm their covenant and ensure David's safety.

with David
David, the anointed future king of Israel, is in a precarious position, fleeing from Saul's wrath. His name (דָּוִד, David) means "beloved," reflecting his status as a man after God's own heart. This meeting with Jonathan is crucial for David's survival and the fulfillment of God's promise to him. It highlights the deep bond and mutual respect between the two men, rooted in their shared faith and trust in God's plan.

and a small boy was with him
The presence of a "small boy" (נַעַר קָטָן, na'ar qatan) serves a practical purpose, as he is unaware of the true nature of the meeting and can innocently assist Jonathan without arousing suspicion. In Scripture, children often symbolize innocence and purity, and the boy's role here underscores the covert and delicate nature of Jonathan's mission to communicate with David. The boy's presence also highlights Jonathan's wisdom in using discretion to protect both himself and David.

He said to the boy
This phrase introduces us to the interaction between Jonathan and his servant boy. The Hebrew word for "boy" here is "נַעַר" (na'ar), which can refer to a young man or servant. In the context of ancient Israel, it was common for young men to serve in various capacities, often learning from their masters. Jonathan's choice to involve the boy in this task reflects a level of trust and the boy's role in the unfolding events.

Run and find the arrows
The command to "run" (Hebrew: "רוּץ" - ruts) indicates urgency and immediacy. This is not a casual request but a directive filled with purpose. The act of finding the arrows is part of a prearranged signal between Jonathan and David, highlighting the importance of communication and trust in their friendship. The arrows themselves symbolize the message of safety or danger, a clever use of everyday objects to convey deeper meanings.

I shoot
The act of shooting arrows (Hebrew: "יָרָה" - yarah) is not merely a physical action but a symbolic gesture. In the ancient Near East, archery was a skill associated with warfare and hunting, but here it serves a peaceful purpose. Jonathan's shooting of the arrows is a covert means of communication, demonstrating wisdom and discretion in a time of political tension.

As the boy ran
The boy's obedience and quick response are crucial to the success of Jonathan's plan. His running (Hebrew: "רוּץ" - ruts) again emphasizes the urgency of the situation. This action reflects the boy's role as a faithful servant, a theme that resonates throughout Scripture, where servanthood is often portrayed as a virtue.

he shot an arrow beyond him
The phrase "beyond him" (Hebrew: "לְעֵבֶר" - le'ever) is significant in the context of the signal to David. The arrow going beyond the boy indicates that David must flee, as it was a prearranged sign of danger. This moment is pivotal in the narrative, as it confirms Saul's intent to harm David and solidifies the bond between Jonathan and David. The use of such a simple act to convey a profound message underscores the ingenuity and depth of their friendship.

When the boy reached the place
This phrase sets the scene for a critical moment in the narrative. The "boy" here refers to the servant of Jonathan, who is unaware of the secret communication between Jonathan and David. The Hebrew word for "boy" is "נַעַר" (na'ar), which can mean a young man or servant. This highlights the innocence and unawareness of the boy, contrasting with the gravity of the situation. The "place" is significant as it represents the predetermined location for the secret signal, emphasizing the careful planning and trust between Jonathan and David.

where Jonathan’s arrow had fallen
The arrow is a symbol of the message being conveyed. In ancient times, arrows were often used in warfare and hunting, but here it serves as a tool for communication. The Hebrew word for "arrow" is "חֵץ" (chets), which can also imply a sharp or pointed object, symbolizing the piercing nature of the message. Jonathan's action of shooting the arrow is a covert way to inform David of Saul's intentions, showcasing the wisdom and loyalty of Jonathan.

Jonathan called out to him
Jonathan's calling out is both literal and symbolic. The Hebrew verb "קָרָא" (qara) means to call or proclaim, indicating an announcement of importance. Jonathan's voice carries the weight of friendship and urgency. This act of calling out is a pivotal moment, as it confirms the message to David without arousing suspicion from others. It reflects Jonathan's courage and commitment to protect David, even at great personal risk.

Isn’t the arrow beyond you?
This question is the coded message to David. The phrase "beyond you" is crucial, as it indicates that David must flee because Saul's intentions are hostile. The Hebrew word for "beyond" is "הָלְאָה" (hal'ah), suggesting something that is further away or out of reach. This not only communicates the immediate danger but also symbolizes the distance that will now exist between Jonathan and David due to the circumstances. It is a poignant reminder of the sacrifices made for friendship and righteousness.

Then Jonathan cried out
The phrase "cried out" in Hebrew is "קָרָא" (qara), which often denotes a loud call or proclamation. In the context of ancient Israel, such a cry would be used to convey urgency or importance. Jonathan's cry is not just a simple call; it is a signal of deep emotional urgency, reflecting the gravity of the situation between him and David. This moment is pivotal, as Jonathan is communicating a secret message to David, indicating the danger posed by King Saul.

Hurry! Make haste!
The repetition of "hurry" and "make haste" underscores the immediacy and critical nature of the situation. In Hebrew, the words used here are "מַהֵר" (maher) and "חָשַׁב" (chashab), both conveying speed and urgency. This reflects the perilous circumstances David is in, as Jonathan is urging him to flee quickly to avoid Saul's wrath. The urgency in Jonathan's voice is a testament to his loyalty and love for David, prioritizing his friend's safety over his own familial ties.

Do not delay!
The phrase "do not delay" further emphasizes the need for immediate action. The Hebrew "אַל־תַּעֲמֹד" (al-ta'amod) suggests a warning against hesitation. In the broader biblical narrative, moments of hesitation can lead to dire consequences, and Jonathan's insistence here is a protective measure for David. This reflects the wisdom and discernment Jonathan possesses, understanding the seriousness of the threat from Saul.

So the boy picked up the arrow
The "boy" here is a servant, and his role is crucial in the covert communication between Jonathan and David. The act of picking up the arrow is symbolic, as it confirms the message Jonathan is sending to David. In ancient warfare, arrows were often used as signals, and here, the retrieval of the arrow signifies the confirmation of danger. This action is a part of the prearranged signal between Jonathan and David, showcasing their strategic planning and deep trust in one another.

and returned to his master
The boy's return to Jonathan, his master, signifies the completion of his task. In the cultural context of ancient Israel, a servant's loyalty and obedience were paramount. The boy's actions, though seemingly minor, play a critical role in the unfolding of God's plan for David. This moment highlights the theme of divine providence, where even the smallest actions contribute to the fulfillment of God's purposes. Jonathan's role as the master also underscores his leadership and the respect he commands, even as he acts in defiance of his father's wishes to protect David.

But the boy did not know anything
This phrase highlights the innocence and unawareness of the young servant involved in the narrative. In Hebrew, the word for "boy" is "נַעַר" (na'ar), which can refer to a young man or servant. This reflects the common practice in ancient Israel of using young servants for tasks, often without them being privy to the full context or significance of their actions. The boy's ignorance underscores the secretive nature of Jonathan and David's plan, emphasizing the need for discretion in their friendship and alliance. This also serves as a reminder of the innocence of youth and the importance of protecting them from the complexities and dangers of adult conflicts.

only Jonathan and David knew the arrangement
The exclusivity of knowledge between Jonathan and David is crucial in this narrative. The Hebrew word for "knew" is "יָדַע" (yada), which implies an intimate understanding or awareness. This reflects the deep bond and trust between Jonathan and David, as they alone are aware of the true nature of their covenant and the signals being exchanged. The "arrangement" refers to the prearranged signals involving the shooting of arrows, which were meant to communicate Saul's intentions towards David. This secretive communication highlights the perilous political environment and the need for wisdom and discernment. Historically, this moment is pivotal as it demonstrates the loyalty and faithfulness of Jonathan to David, even at the risk of his own standing with his father, King Saul. It is a testament to the strength of their covenant, which is rooted in mutual respect and a shared commitment to God's will. This phrase inspires believers to value and cultivate relationships that are grounded in trust, loyalty, and a shared purpose in serving God.

Then Jonathan
The name "Jonathan" means "Yahweh has given" in Hebrew, reflecting his role as a divinely appointed friend and ally to David. Jonathan, the son of King Saul, is a figure of loyalty and righteousness, embodying the virtues of friendship and covenant faithfulness. His actions throughout 1 Samuel demonstrate a commitment to God's will, even when it conflicts with his own familial ties.

gave his weapons
The act of giving his weapons is symbolic of Jonathan's trust and vulnerability. In ancient Israel, weapons were not only tools of war but also symbols of power and protection. By handing them over, Jonathan is showing his willingness to disarm himself for the sake of his covenant with David. This gesture underscores the depth of his loyalty and the seriousness of his commitment to David's safety and future.

to the boy
The "boy" here is likely a servant or a young attendant, a common practice in ancient times where young boys were often employed to assist warriors or noblemen. This detail highlights the hierarchical social structures of the time, where even in moments of personal significance, societal roles and duties were maintained.

and said, 'Go, carry them back to the city.'
Jonathan's instruction to "Go, carry them back to the city" is practical, yet it also signifies a transition. The city, likely Gibeah, represents a place of safety and normalcy, contrasting with the wilderness where David must flee. This command marks the end of a poignant encounter between Jonathan and David, emphasizing the necessity of returning to their respective roles and responsibilities despite the emotional weight of their parting.

When the servant had gone
This phrase sets the stage for a deeply personal and emotional encounter between David and Jonathan. The departure of the servant signifies a moment of privacy, allowing for an intimate exchange. In the Hebrew context, servants often acted as intermediaries or witnesses, and their absence here underscores the confidentiality and intensity of the moment. This privacy is crucial for the vulnerability and sincerity that follows.

David got up from the south side of the stone
The "south side of the stone" refers to a specific location known as "Ezel," which means "departure" or "separation" in Hebrew. This stone serves as a geographical marker and a symbolic point of transition. David's rising from this place signifies a readiness to face the reality of his situation, moving from a place of hiding to one of confrontation and farewell.

fell facedown
This act of prostration is a profound gesture of humility and respect in ancient Near Eastern culture. It indicates David's acknowledgment of Jonathan's royal status and their deep bond. The Hebrew root for "fell" (נפל, naphal) often conveys a sense of submission and reverence, highlighting the gravity of the moment and the depth of David's emotions.

and bowed three times
Bowing three times is a significant act of honor and respect. In biblical numerology, the number three often represents completeness or perfection. This triple bowing could symbolize the completeness of David's respect and gratitude towards Jonathan, acknowledging the covenantal bond they share and the sacrifices Jonathan has made for him.

Then they kissed one another
In the ancient Near East, a kiss was a common expression of friendship, loyalty, and affection. This act between David and Jonathan transcends mere friendship; it is a testament to their covenantal relationship. The Hebrew word for kiss (נשק, nashaq) can also imply a sense of attachment or bonding, reflecting the deep emotional and spiritual connection between the two.

and wept together
The mutual weeping signifies the emotional intensity of their parting. In Hebrew culture, weeping is often associated with mourning and deep sorrow. This shared grief underscores the pain of separation and the uncertainty of their future. It is a poignant reminder of the cost of loyalty and the sacrifices inherent in their friendship.

though David wept more
This detail highlights David's profound sense of loss and vulnerability. As the anointed future king, David faces immense pressure and danger, and Jonathan's support has been a source of strength. The fact that David weeps more suggests his awareness of the impending challenges and the depth of his reliance on Jonathan's friendship. It is a moment of raw humanity, revealing the emotional burden of his calling and the cost of his journey.

Then Jonathan said to David
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in the narrative, highlighting the deep bond between Jonathan and David. Jonathan, the son of King Saul, speaks to David, who is destined to be king. The Hebrew root for "said" (אָמַר, 'amar) often conveys not just the act of speaking but the intention and emotion behind the words. Jonathan's words are filled with loyalty and love, reflecting a covenantal friendship that transcends familial and political tensions.

Go in peace
The Hebrew word for "peace" (שָׁלוֹם, shalom) encompasses more than the absence of conflict; it signifies completeness, welfare, and harmony. Jonathan's blessing of peace is profound, given the dangerous circumstances David faces. It is a declaration of trust in God's providence and a reminder of the peace that comes from faithfulness to God's promises.

for the two of us have sworn
The act of swearing an oath in ancient Israel was a solemn and binding commitment. The Hebrew root (שָׁבַע, shava) implies a deep sense of obligation and faithfulness. This oath between Jonathan and David is not merely a personal agreement but a sacred covenant made before God, underscoring the seriousness and sanctity of their bond.

in the name of the LORD
Invoking the name of the LORD (יהוה, Yahweh) signifies the highest level of accountability and reverence. In the ancient Near Eastern context, names were believed to carry the essence and authority of the person. By swearing in the name of Yahweh, Jonathan and David acknowledge God's sovereignty and their submission to His will, making their covenant unbreakable.

saying, ‘The LORD will be a witness
The concept of God as a witness (עֵד, ed) is significant in biblical covenants. It implies that God Himself observes and upholds the agreement, ensuring its fulfillment. This divine witness provides assurance that their covenant will endure beyond human limitations, rooted in the eternal nature of God.

between you and me
This phrase emphasizes the personal and relational aspect of the covenant. Despite the political and familial pressures, Jonathan and David's relationship is marked by mutual respect and love. Their bond is a testament to the power of godly friendship, which transcends earthly divisions and reflects the unity found in Christ.

and between your descendants and my descendants forever
The inclusion of their descendants in the covenant highlights the enduring nature of their agreement. The Hebrew word for "forever" (עוֹלָם, olam) suggests perpetuity and timelessness. This forward-looking promise reflects a biblical understanding of legacy and the importance of faithfulness across generations, pointing to the eternal covenant fulfilled in Jesus Christ.

Then David got up and departed
David's departure marks a moment of transition and trust. The Hebrew verb for "got up" (קוּם, qum) often signifies rising to action or purpose. David's journey is not just physical but spiritual, as he steps into the path God has set before him, trusting in the covenant and the peace Jonathan has declared.

and Jonathan went back to the city
Jonathan's return to the city signifies his continued role within his father's house, despite the tension and danger. His actions demonstrate faithfulness to his responsibilities and trust in God's plan. This moment encapsulates the tension between earthly duties and divine allegiance, a theme prevalent throughout Scripture.