Later
This word indicates a sequence of events, suggesting that Solomon's actions followed previous developments in his reign. It implies a period of consolidation and strategic planning. In the Hebrew text, the word used can denote a progression in time, emphasizing that Solomon's reign was marked by deliberate and thoughtful decisions.

Solomon
As the son of David and Bathsheba, Solomon's name in Hebrew, "Shlomo," is derived from "shalom," meaning peace. His reign is often characterized by peace and prosperity, contrasting with his father David's era of warfare. Solomon's wisdom and wealth are legendary, and his name evokes the fulfillment of God's promise to David regarding his lineage.

formed an alliance
The Hebrew root here is "chatan," which can mean to become related by marriage. Alliances through marriage were common in the ancient Near East as a means of securing political stability and peace. This phrase highlights Solomon's diplomatic acumen and his efforts to secure his kingdom through strategic relationships.

with Pharaoh king of Egypt
Egypt was a powerful and influential neighbor. By aligning with Pharaoh, Solomon was not only securing peace but also elevating Israel's status among the nations. Historically, this alliance suggests a period of mutual respect and cooperation between Israel and Egypt, which was significant given Egypt's historical dominance in the region.

by marrying his daughter
Marriages in ancient times were often political, serving to cement alliances between nations. This marriage would have been seen as a prestigious union, enhancing Solomon's standing. It also reflects the complexities of maintaining faithfulness to God while engaging in political strategies that involved foreign nations.

Solomon brought her to the City of David
The City of David, Jerusalem, was the political and spiritual center of Israel. Bringing Pharaoh's daughter there signifies the importance of this alliance. It also foreshadows the eventual challenges Solomon would face in maintaining religious purity, as foreign influences began to permeate the kingdom.

until he had finished building his palace
This phrase indicates a period of construction and development under Solomon's reign. The building of his palace was a significant undertaking, reflecting his wealth and the stability of his kingdom. It also symbolizes the establishment of his rule and the consolidation of his power.

and the house of the LORD
The construction of the temple was Solomon's most significant religious contribution. It fulfilled David's desire to build a house for God and became the central place of worship for Israel. This phrase underscores Solomon's role in advancing Israel's spiritual life and his dedication to honoring God.

and the wall around Jerusalem
The wall represents security and protection for the city. Building the wall was crucial for defending Jerusalem against potential threats. It also symbolizes the strength and permanence of Solomon's kingdom, as well as his commitment to safeguarding the city that housed the temple of the LORD.

The people
This phrase refers to the Israelites, God's chosen people, who were in a transitional period of their history. After the reign of King David, Solomon ascended to the throne. The Israelites were a covenant community, bound by the laws given to them through Moses. Their identity was deeply rooted in their relationship with Yahweh, the one true God. Historically, this period was marked by a struggle to maintain pure worship amidst surrounding pagan influences.

however
This word indicates a contrast or exception to what might be expected. Despite the Israelites' covenant relationship with God, there was a deviation in their worship practices. This highlights the tension between their calling to be a holy nation and their actions, which sometimes fell short of God's standards.

were still sacrificing
Sacrifices were central to Israelite worship, serving as a means of atonement and communion with God. The Hebrew root for "sacrificing" is "zabach," which implies offering something valuable to God. This practice was intended to be conducted at the tabernacle, the designated place of worship. However, the continuation of sacrifices at high places suggests a persistence in traditional practices that predated the centralization of worship.

on the high places
High places, or "bamot" in Hebrew, were elevated sites often used for worship. In ancient Near Eastern culture, these locations were associated with pagan rituals. For the Israelites, worship at high places was a syncretistic practice, blending elements of Canaanite religion with their own. This was contrary to God's command to worship at the designated place, which would later be the temple in Jerusalem.

because a house had not yet been built
The "house" refers to the temple, which Solomon would later construct in Jerusalem. The absence of a central sanctuary contributed to the decentralized and often idolatrous worship practices. The temple was to be the dwelling place of God's Name, a physical representation of His presence among His people. The delay in its construction reflects both logistical challenges and the spiritual state of the nation.

for the Name of the LORD
The "Name of the LORD" signifies God's character, authority, and presence. In Hebrew thought, a name encapsulated the essence of a person. Thus, the temple was not merely a building but a testament to God's covenantal relationship with Israel. It was to be a place where His glory dwelled and where the people could encounter Him in a profound way.

And Solomon loved the LORD
The phrase begins with a profound declaration of Solomon's devotion. The Hebrew word for "loved" is "אָהַב" (ahav), which conveys a deep, covenantal love. This love is not merely emotional but is rooted in commitment and obedience. Solomon's love for the LORD reflects the foundational commandment in Deuteronomy 6:5, to love God with all one's heart, soul, and strength. This sets the stage for Solomon's reign, indicating his initial alignment with God's will.

walking in the statutes of his father David
The term "walking" in Hebrew is "הָלַךְ" (halak), which implies a continuous, habitual action. It suggests a lifestyle or manner of living that is consistent and faithful. The "statutes" refer to the decrees and commandments given by God, which David, Solomon's father, followed. David is often remembered as a man after God's own heart (1 Samuel 13:14), and Solomon's adherence to these statutes indicates his desire to emulate his father's faithfulness. This phrase underscores the importance of generational faithfulness and the impact of parental guidance in spiritual matters.

except that he sacrificed and burned incense on the high places
The word "except" introduces a significant caveat to Solomon's otherwise commendable devotion. The "high places" were elevated sites often used for worship, which, although initially permissible, became associated with idolatrous practices. The Hebrew term for "high places" is "בָּמוֹת" (bamot). While Solomon's actions here might have been culturally acceptable at the time, they reveal a compromise in his worship. This phrase serves as a cautionary note, highlighting the dangers of syncretism and the importance of pure worship. It foreshadows the challenges Solomon would face in maintaining exclusive devotion to the LORD amidst external influences.

Now the king
This phrase refers to Solomon, who had recently ascended to the throne of Israel following the death of his father, King David. Solomon's kingship marks a significant period in Israel's history, characterized by peace and prosperity. The Hebrew word for "king" is "melek," which signifies not only a ruler but also one who is divinely appointed. Solomon's reign is often seen as a fulfillment of God's promise to David, establishing a dynasty that would lead to the coming of the Messiah.

went to Gibeon
Gibeon was an important city located northwest of Jerusalem. It was known for its "great high place," a significant site for worship before the construction of the Temple in Jerusalem. The act of going to Gibeon signifies Solomon's desire to seek God's favor and guidance at the beginning of his reign. Historically, Gibeon was a Canaanite city that made a treaty with Israel during Joshua's conquest, and it became a Levitical city, highlighting its religious significance.

to sacrifice there
Sacrificing was a central act of worship in ancient Israel, symbolizing devotion, repentance, and communion with God. The Hebrew word for "sacrifice" is "zabach," which involves offering something valuable to God. Solomon's decision to sacrifice at Gibeon demonstrates his commitment to honoring God and seeking His wisdom. It reflects the importance of worship and sacrifice in maintaining a relationship with God.

for it was the great high place
The "great high place" refers to a prominent location for worship before the Temple was built. High places were often elevated sites where altars were constructed for sacrifices. The term "great" indicates its significance and possibly its size or the number of people who gathered there. In the context of Israel's history, high places were sometimes associated with idolatry, but in this instance, it was a legitimate site for worshiping Yahweh.

Solomon offered a thousand burnt offerings
A "burnt offering" was a type of sacrifice where the entire animal was consumed by fire, symbolizing complete dedication to God. The Hebrew term "olah" means "that which goes up," referring to the smoke rising to heaven. Offering a thousand burnt offerings signifies Solomon's extraordinary devotion and desire to honor God lavishly. It reflects the abundance and prosperity of Solomon's reign and his recognition of God's sovereignty.

on the altar there
The altar was a sacred structure where sacrifices were made. In Hebrew, "mizbeach" means "place of sacrifice." The altar at Gibeon served as a focal point for worship and communion with God. Solomon's use of the altar underscores the importance of approaching God in the prescribed manner, acknowledging His holiness and the need for atonement. This act of worship sets the stage for God's subsequent appearance to Solomon, where He grants him wisdom.

One night at Gibeon
The phrase "One night at Gibeon" sets the scene for a pivotal moment in Solomon's life. Gibeon was a significant high place, a location where the Israelites worshipped before the temple was built in Jerusalem. Historically, Gibeon was known for its great altar, and it was here that Solomon offered a thousand burnt offerings (1 Kings 3:4). This act of worship and dedication was a demonstration of Solomon's devotion to God, setting the stage for divine interaction. The mention of "one night" emphasizes the unexpected and divine nature of the encounter, reminding us that God often meets us in ordinary moments with extraordinary purposes.

the LORD appeared to Solomon
The phrase "the LORD appeared to Solomon" indicates a theophany, a direct encounter with God. In the Hebrew context, the name "LORD" (YHWH) is the covenant name of God, signifying His eternal presence and faithfulness. This appearance underscores the special relationship between God and Solomon, as well as God's willingness to guide and bless those who seek Him. It is a reminder of God's sovereignty and His desire to communicate with His chosen leaders.

in a dream
Dreams in the ancient Near Eastern context were often seen as a medium through which the divine communicated with humans. The phrase "in a dream" suggests that God can use various means to reveal His will and purposes. For Solomon, this dream was not just a subconscious experience but a genuine encounter with God. It highlights the importance of being open to God's voice in all circumstances, whether through dreams, scripture, or prayer.

and God said
The phrase "and God said" introduces the divine dialogue, emphasizing the personal nature of God's communication. In the Hebrew tradition, when God speaks, it is an authoritative and creative act. This moment signifies the beginning of a conversation that would shape Solomon's reign and legacy. It is a reminder of the power of God's word and His willingness to engage with humanity.

'Ask, and I will give it to you!'
This phrase is a profound invitation from God, reflecting His generosity and willingness to bless. The imperative "Ask" indicates that God desires an active relationship with His people, one where they express their needs and desires. The promise "I will give it to you" reveals God's readiness to provide abundantly for those who seek His wisdom and guidance. This invitation to Solomon is a testament to God's grace and a model for believers to approach God with confidence and faith, trusting in His provision and wisdom.

Solomon replied
The name "Solomon" is derived from the Hebrew word "Shlomo," which is related to "shalom," meaning peace. Solomon's response here is a reflection of his character as a wise and discerning leader. His reply is not just a mere answer but a profound acknowledgment of God's past mercies and faithfulness. This sets the tone for his reign, emphasizing wisdom and understanding as foundational principles.

You have shown great loving devotion
The phrase "loving devotion" is translated from the Hebrew word "chesed," which signifies steadfast love, mercy, and covenant loyalty. This term is central to understanding God's relationship with His people. It is a love that is not based on merit but on God's unwavering commitment to His covenant. Solomon recognizes this divine attribute as the reason for his father David's success and his own current position.

to Your servant, my father David
The term "servant" here is "ebed" in Hebrew, indicating a position of humility and dedication. David, despite his flaws, is remembered as a servant of God, highlighting his heart for God and his role in God's plan. This acknowledgment by Solomon underscores the importance of servanthood in leadership, a theme that resonates throughout the Bible.

because he walked before You
The phrase "walked before You" implies living a life in the presence of God, with awareness and reverence. It suggests a lifestyle of obedience and devotion. In the Hebrew context, "halak" (walk) is often used to describe one's conduct or way of life. David's life, despite its imperfections, was characterized by a sincere pursuit of God's heart.

in faithfulness, righteousness, and uprightness of heart
These three qualities—faithfulness, righteousness, and uprightness—are foundational to a godly life. "Faithfulness" (Hebrew: "emunah") denotes trustworthiness and reliability. "Righteousness" (Hebrew: "tsedeq") refers to living in accordance with God's standards. "Uprightness of heart" suggests integrity and sincerity. Together, they paint a picture of a life that is pleasing to God, one that Solomon aspires to emulate.

And You have maintained this great loving devotion
The continuation of "chesed" or loving devotion is a testament to God's unchanging nature. Solomon acknowledges that God's faithfulness is not just a past event but an ongoing reality. This assurance of God's continued presence and support is a source of strength and confidence for Solomon as he begins his reign.

by giving him a son to sit on his throne this day
The phrase "to sit on his throne" signifies the continuation of David's lineage and the fulfillment of God's promise. In the ancient Near Eastern context, a throne symbolizes authority, stability, and divine favor. Solomon's ascension to the throne is not just a political event but a divine appointment, affirming God's sovereign plan and the perpetuation of the Davidic covenant.

Now, O LORD my God
This phrase begins with an acknowledgment of the present moment and a direct address to God, emphasizing a personal relationship. The Hebrew word for "LORD" is "Yahweh," the covenant name of God, which signifies His eternal presence and faithfulness. "My God" indicates Solomon's personal devotion and recognition of God's sovereignty over his life. This reflects a deep, personal faith and reliance on God, which is foundational for any leader seeking wisdom.

You have made Your servant king
Here, Solomon acknowledges that his kingship is not by his own doing but by divine appointment. The term "servant" (Hebrew: "ebed") is significant, as it denotes humility and submission to God's will. Solomon sees his role as one of service to God and His people, rather than a position of power for personal gain. This perspective is crucial for understanding biblical leadership, which is characterized by servanthood and obedience to God's commands.

in place of my father David
This phrase situates Solomon's reign within the Davidic covenant, a promise God made to David that his lineage would endure forever (2 Samuel 7:12-16). Solomon's kingship is a continuation of God's faithfulness to David, highlighting the importance of legacy and divine promise in the biblical narrative. Historically, David is revered as a man after God's own heart, and Solomon's succession underscores the continuity of God's plan for Israel.

But I am only a little child
Solomon's self-description as "a little child" (Hebrew: "na'ar") is a metaphor for his perceived inadequacy and inexperience. Although Solomon was likely in his early twenties, this expression conveys humility and a recognition of his need for divine wisdom. It reflects a biblical principle that true wisdom begins with acknowledging one's limitations and dependence on God.

not knowing how to go out or come in
This phrase is an idiom in ancient Near Eastern culture, referring to the ability to lead and govern effectively. It encompasses the skills needed for both military leadership and civil administration. Solomon's admission of not knowing how to "go out or come in" underscores his awareness of the complexities of leadership and his need for God's guidance. This humility is a key theme in Scripture, where reliance on God is portrayed as the foundation for true wisdom and effective leadership.

Your servant
This phrase reflects Solomon's humility and recognition of his role before God. The Hebrew word for "servant" is "עֶבֶד" (eved), which denotes a person who is in service to another, often with a sense of loyalty and dedication. In the biblical context, being a servant of God is a position of honor and responsibility. Solomon acknowledges his dependence on God and his commitment to serve Him faithfully, setting an example for leaders to prioritize divine guidance over personal ambition.

is here among
The phrase "is here among" indicates Solomon's physical and spiritual presence with the people of Israel. It suggests a sense of belonging and responsibility. Solomon is not distant or detached; he is actively engaged with the community he leads. This reflects the biblical principle that leaders should be present and involved with those they serve, understanding their needs and challenges.

the people You have chosen
This highlights the special status of Israel as God's chosen people. The Hebrew word for "chosen" is "בָּחַר" (bachar), which means to select or elect. This choice is rooted in God's covenant with Abraham and is a recurring theme throughout the Old Testament. It underscores God's sovereign will and purpose in history. Solomon's acknowledgment of Israel as God's chosen people reinforces the idea that his kingship is part of a divine plan, and he is to lead with an awareness of this sacred trust.

a people too numerous to count or number
This phrase emphasizes the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham that his descendants would be as numerous as the stars in the sky (Genesis 15:5). The Hebrew words "רָב" (rav) and "סָפַר" (safar) convey the idea of abundance and multitude. This reflects the blessing and growth of the nation under God's providence. Solomon recognizes the vastness of the people he is to govern, which underscores the enormity of his task and his need for divine wisdom. It serves as a reminder of God's faithfulness in multiplying His people and the importance of wise and just leadership to steward such a great nation.

Therefore give
The word "give" in Hebrew is "נָתַן" (natan), which implies a bestowal or granting of something that is not inherently possessed. Solomon acknowledges that wisdom is a divine gift, not a human achievement. This reflects a humble recognition of human limitations and a dependence on God’s grace. In the context of ancient Israel, kings were expected to rule with divine wisdom, and Solomon’s request sets a precedent for seeking God’s guidance in leadership.

Your servant
The term "servant" in Hebrew is "עֶבֶד" (eved), which denotes a position of humility and submission. Solomon, despite being a king, identifies himself as a servant of God, highlighting the biblical principle that true leadership is rooted in servanthood. This aligns with the broader scriptural narrative where leaders are called to serve God and His people, not to exalt themselves.

an understanding heart
The phrase "understanding heart" translates from the Hebrew "לֵב שֹׁמֵעַ" (lev shomea), literally meaning "a hearing heart." This implies more than intellectual knowledge; it suggests a heart attuned to God’s voice and the needs of the people. In biblical anthropology, the heart is the center of moral and spiritual life. Solomon’s request for an understanding heart underscores the importance of empathy and discernment in leadership.

to judge Your people
The verb "judge" in Hebrew is "שָׁפַט" (shaphat), which encompasses the roles of governing, leading, and making judicial decisions. In the ancient Near Eastern context, a king was often the supreme judge, responsible for maintaining justice and righteousness. Solomon’s request reflects his desire to fulfill this role with integrity, ensuring that his judgments align with God’s standards.

and to discern between good and evil
The word "discern" in Hebrew is "בִּין" (bin), meaning to understand or perceive. This phrase echoes the moral dichotomy established in the Garden of Eden, where humanity first encountered the knowledge of good and evil. Solomon’s request for discernment highlights the need for moral clarity and wisdom in distinguishing right from wrong, a crucial aspect of godly leadership.

For who is able
This rhetorical question emphasizes human inadequacy in the face of divine tasks. Solomon acknowledges that without God’s wisdom, no one is capable of ruling justly. This humility is a key characteristic of biblical leadership, recognizing that true capability comes from God alone.

to govern this great people of Yours?
The word "govern" in Hebrew is "שָׁפַט" (shaphat), reiterating the king’s role as a judge and leader. The phrase "this great people" reflects the magnitude and significance of Israel as God’s chosen nation. Solomon’s recognition of the people as belonging to God underscores the responsibility and privilege of leading them according to divine will. This perspective encourages leaders to view their roles as stewards of God’s people, accountable to Him for their governance.

Now it pleased the Lord
The phrase "Now it pleased the Lord" indicates a divine response characterized by approval and satisfaction. The Hebrew root for "pleased" is "יָטַב" (yatab), which conveys a sense of goodness, joy, or favor. This reflects God's nature as one who delights in the righteous desires of His people. In the broader biblical context, God's pleasure is often associated with obedience and faithfulness, as seen in passages like Psalm 147:11, "The LORD delights in those who fear Him, who put their hope in His unfailing love." Solomon's request aligns with God's will, demonstrating a heart that seeks wisdom over personal gain, which is inherently pleasing to God.

that Solomon had made this request
The focus here is on "Solomon had made this request," highlighting the specific nature of Solomon's petition. The Hebrew word for "request" is "שְׁאֵלָה" (she'elah), which implies a petition or inquiry. Solomon's request for wisdom, as detailed earlier in 1 Kings 3:9, is not for personal aggrandizement but for the ability to govern God's people justly. This request reflects a deep understanding of his role as king and a humble acknowledgment of his need for divine guidance. Historically, Solomon's reign is marked by peace and prosperity, often attributed to the wisdom granted by God in response to this request. Scripturally, this moment sets a precedent for seeking God's wisdom, as echoed in James 1:5, "If any of you lacks wisdom, let him ask of God, who gives to all liberally and without reproach, and it will be given to him." Solomon's example encourages believers to prioritize spiritual discernment and divine guidance in their own lives.

So God said to him
This phrase marks a divine response, indicating a direct communication from God to Solomon. In the Hebrew text, the word for "said" is "אָמַר" (amar), which is often used to denote authoritative speech. This highlights the importance of God's words as a direct revelation and a pivotal moment in Solomon's life. The context here is a dream, a common medium for divine communication in the Old Testament, emphasizing the personal and intimate nature of God's interaction with Solomon.

Since you have requested this
The word "requested" comes from the Hebrew "שָׁאַל" (sha'al), meaning to ask or inquire. This reflects Solomon's active engagement in seeking wisdom, demonstrating his humility and recognition of his own limitations. The phrase underscores the importance of seeking God's guidance and wisdom, a theme prevalent throughout the Scriptures, particularly in the wisdom literature attributed to Solomon himself.

and not asked for long life or wealth for yourself
Here, the focus is on what Solomon did not request. The Hebrew word for "long life" is "יָמִים רַבִּים" (yamim rabbim), and "wealth" is "עֹשֶׁר" (osher). These are common desires of kings and rulers, reflecting human nature's inclination towards self-preservation and prosperity. Solomon's choice to forgo these requests highlights his selflessness and prioritization of his role as a servant leader over personal gain.

nor have you asked for the death of your enemies
This phrase emphasizes Solomon's peaceful intentions. The Hebrew word for "death" is "מָוֶת" (mavet), and "enemies" is "אוֹיֵב" (oyev). In the ancient Near Eastern context, kings often sought the destruction of their adversaries to secure their reign. Solomon's decision not to pursue vengeance or power through violence aligns with the biblical principle of loving one's enemies and seeking peace, as later expounded by Jesus in the New Testament.

but for discernment in administering justice
The word "discernment" is translated from the Hebrew "שָׁמַע" (shama), which means to hear or understand. This request reflects Solomon's desire for a listening heart, capable of understanding and making wise decisions. "Administering justice" is rooted in the Hebrew "מִשְׁפָּט" (mishpat), meaning judgment or justice. This phrase encapsulates the biblical mandate for leaders to uphold justice and righteousness, a central theme in the covenantal relationship between God and Israel. Solomon's request aligns with the divine character, as God is often depicted as the ultimate judge who desires justice and righteousness in His creation.

Behold
The word "behold" is often used in Scripture to draw attention to something significant or to emphasize the importance of what follows. In Hebrew, the word is "הִנֵּה" (hinneh), which serves as a divine spotlight, indicating that God is about to perform a remarkable act. This word invites the reader to pause and consider the gravity of God's promise to Solomon, underscoring the divine initiative and the extraordinary nature of the gift about to be bestowed.

I will do
This phrase reflects God's sovereign will and His readiness to act. The Hebrew verb "עָשָׂה" (asah) means to make or to do, emphasizing God's active role in fulfilling His promises. It reassures us of God's faithfulness and His ability to bring His plans to fruition. This is a reminder that when God speaks, His words are not empty; they are followed by action.

what you have asked
Solomon's request was for wisdom, which he asked for in humility and recognition of his own limitations. The Hebrew word for "asked" is "שָׁאַל" (sha'al), which implies a petition or request. This highlights the importance of approaching God with a heart that seeks His will above personal gain. Solomon's request pleased God because it was aligned with God's purposes for leadership and justice.

I will give you
This phrase underscores the generosity and grace of God. The Hebrew verb "נָתַן" (natan) means to give, indicating a gift that is freely bestowed. It reflects the nature of God as a giver of good gifts, especially to those who seek Him earnestly. This is a reminder of the New Testament teaching that God gives wisdom generously to those who ask (James 1:5).

a wise and discerning heart
The heart in Hebrew thought is the center of intellect and emotion. The word for "wise" is "חָכָם" (chakam), and "discerning" is "נָבוֹן" (navon). Together, they describe a heart that is not only knowledgeable but also able to apply that knowledge in practical and just ways. This gift of wisdom is not merely intellectual but deeply spiritual, enabling Solomon to govern with insight and fairness.

so that there has never been nor ever will be another like you
This phrase emphasizes the uniqueness of the gift bestowed upon Solomon. It highlights the unparalleled nature of Solomon's wisdom, setting him apart in history. The Hebrew construction here underscores the superlative nature of God's gift, indicating that Solomon's wisdom would be unmatched. This serves as a testament to God's ability to equip His chosen leaders with extraordinary abilities to fulfill His purposes.

Moreover, I will give you
This phrase signifies God's abundant grace and generosity. The Hebrew root for "give" is "נָתַן" (natan), which implies a bestowal or granting of something. In the context of Solomon's request for wisdom, God’s response is not just to fulfill the request but to exceed it. This reflects the biblical principle that God often provides beyond what we ask or imagine (Ephesians 3:20). It is a reminder of God's sovereignty and His ability to bless abundantly.

what you did not request
Solomon's initial request was for wisdom to govern the people, demonstrating his humility and prioritization of God's people over personal gain. The phrase highlights God's omniscience and His understanding of our needs beyond our own requests. It also underscores the biblical truth that when we seek first the kingdom of God, all other things will be added to us (Matthew 6:33).

both riches and honor
The Hebrew words for "riches" (עֹשֶׁר, osher) and "honor" (כָּבוֹד, kavod) denote material wealth and social esteem, respectively. In the ancient Near Eastern context, these were seen as signs of divine favor and success. God's promise to Solomon is comprehensive, covering both material and immaterial blessings. This reflects the biblical theme that God is the source of all blessings and that true honor comes from Him.

so that during your lifetime
This phrase sets a temporal boundary on the promise, emphasizing the immediacy and certainty of God's blessing. It reassures Solomon that these blessings will be evident and experienced throughout his life. It also serves as a reminder of the transient nature of earthly life and the importance of using God-given resources wisely and for His glory.

no man in any kingdom will be your equal
The promise of unparalleled status among kings highlights the unique favor and distinction God bestowed upon Solomon. The phrase "no man" (אִישׁ, ish) emphasizes the exclusivity of Solomon's position. Historically, Solomon's reign was marked by peace, prosperity, and international recognition, fulfilling this divine promise. This serves as a testament to God's faithfulness and the fulfillment of His word, encouraging believers to trust in His promises.

So if you walk in My ways
The phrase "walk in My ways" is a metaphorical expression that signifies living a life in accordance with God's will and guidance. The Hebrew word for "walk" is "halak," which implies a continuous, habitual action. This suggests that following God's ways is not a one-time event but a lifelong journey. In the historical context of ancient Israel, walking in God's ways was synonymous with living a life of righteousness and obedience, reflecting the covenant relationship between God and His people. This phrase calls believers to a path of holiness and dedication, echoing the call to live distinctively as God's chosen people.

keeping My statutes and commandments
The terms "statutes" and "commandments" refer to the specific laws and decrees given by God to His people. The Hebrew word for "statutes" is "choq," which often denotes decrees that are inscribed or engraved, symbolizing their permanence and importance. "Commandments," or "mitzvot" in Hebrew, are directives that require active obedience. This phrase emphasizes the importance of adhering to God's laws as a demonstration of faithfulness. In the broader scriptural context, keeping God's statutes and commandments is a recurring theme that underscores the covenantal relationship between God and Israel, highlighting the blessings that come from obedience.

just as your father David walked
David is often portrayed as a model of faithfulness and devotion to God, despite his imperfections. The reference to David serves as a reminder of the standard of obedience and commitment expected from Solomon. Historically, David's reign was marked by a deep relationship with God, characterized by repentance and a heart aligned with God's purposes. This phrase encourages believers to emulate David's example of seeking God's heart and living in accordance with His will, acknowledging that even flawed individuals can be used mightily by God when they walk in His ways.

I will prolong your days
The promise of prolonged days is a common biblical motif associated with obedience and righteousness. In the Hebrew context, long life was considered a sign of God's favor and blessing. The phrase "prolong your days" can be understood as both a literal extension of life and a metaphor for a life filled with purpose and divine favor. This promise reflects the covenantal blessings outlined in the Torah, where obedience to God's commandments results in prosperity and longevity. It serves as an encouragement to believers that a life devoted to God is rewarded with His enduring presence and blessings.

Then Solomon awoke
The phrase "Then Solomon awoke" signifies a transition from the divine encounter in a dream to the conscious reality. In Hebrew, the word for "awoke" is "וַיִּיקַץ" (vayyiqatz), which implies a sudden realization or coming to awareness. This awakening is not just physical but spiritual, as Solomon has just received wisdom from God. It marks the beginning of his reign characterized by divine insight.

and indeed it had been a dream
The acknowledgment that "it had been a dream" underscores the biblical theme of God communicating through dreams, as seen with figures like Joseph and Daniel. In the ancient Near Eastern context, dreams were considered significant and often divine messages. This dream was a pivotal moment for Solomon, confirming God's promise and presence in his life.

So he returned to Jerusalem
Returning to Jerusalem, the city of David, signifies Solomon's commitment to his kingly duties and the centrality of Jerusalem in Israel's spiritual and political life. Jerusalem, known as "Yerushalayim" in Hebrew, is the city chosen by God for His temple, symbolizing divine favor and the heart of Israelite worship.

stood before the ark of the covenant of the LORD
Standing "before the ark of the covenant of the LORD" indicates Solomon's reverence and acknowledgment of God's presence. The Ark, containing the tablets of the Law, was the most sacred object in Israel, representing God's covenant with His people. This act of standing before the Ark shows Solomon's submission to God's authority and his role as a covenantal king.

and offered burnt offerings and peace offerings
The "burnt offerings and peace offerings" were integral parts of Israelite worship, symbolizing atonement and fellowship with God. The Hebrew term for burnt offering, "עֹלָה" (olah), means "that which goes up," signifying the offering's ascent to God. Peace offerings, "שְׁלָמִים" (shelamim), were expressions of gratitude and communion. Solomon's offerings reflect his devotion and desire to maintain a harmonious relationship with God.

Then he held a feast for all his servants
Holding "a feast for all his servants" demonstrates Solomon's generosity and the joy of communal celebration. Feasts in the biblical context were times of fellowship, thanksgiving, and unity. This act of feasting with his servants highlights Solomon's role as a leader who values community and the well-being of those under his care, fostering a sense of shared purpose and divine blessing.

At that time
This phrase situates the narrative within a specific period in King Solomon's reign. It follows the account of Solomon's request for wisdom from God, which is foundational to understanding the events that unfold. The Hebrew root for "time" (עֵת, 'et) often signifies a divinely appointed moment, suggesting that this incident is not random but orchestrated within God's sovereign plan. It highlights the immediacy and relevance of Solomon's wisdom being put to the test.

two prostitutes
The mention of "prostitutes" (זֹנוֹת, zonot) is significant, as it underscores the inclusivity of Solomon's justice. In ancient Israel, prostitutes were marginalized and often disregarded by society. By bringing their case before the king, it demonstrates that Solomon's wisdom and justice were accessible to all, regardless of social status. This reflects the biblical principle that God's justice is impartial and available to everyone, echoing the teachings of Jesus who ministered to the marginalized.

came to the king
The act of coming to the king (בָּאוּ אֶל־הַמֶּלֶךְ, ba'u el-hammelech) signifies seeking justice and resolution from the highest authority in the land. In the ancient Near Eastern context, the king was not only a political leader but also a judicial figure. This phrase emphasizes the role of the king as a shepherd of his people, responsible for their welfare and justice, a role that Solomon fulfills with divine wisdom.

and stood before him
Standing before the king (וַתַּעֲמֹדְנָה לְפָנָיו, vata'amodna lefanav) indicates a formal presentation of their case. In biblical times, standing was a posture of respect and readiness to present one's plea. This phrase highlights the gravity of the situation and the respect accorded to the king's authority. It also sets the stage for the demonstration of Solomon's God-given wisdom, as he listens and discerns the truth in a complex and emotionally charged situation.

One of them said
This phrase introduces the narrative of two women who come before King Solomon. The Hebrew word for "said" is "אָמַר" (amar), which is a common verb used throughout the Old Testament to denote speaking or declaring. The context here is a legal setting, where the women are presenting their case to the king. This reflects the judicial role of the king in ancient Israel, where he was not only a ruler but also a judge who resolved disputes among the people.

Please, my lord
The use of "please" indicates a plea or request, showing the woman's respect and deference to King Solomon. The Hebrew word "אֲדוֹנִי" (adoni) for "my lord" is a term of respect and submission, acknowledging Solomon's authority and wisdom. This reflects the hierarchical structure of ancient Israelite society, where the king was seen as God's appointed leader, deserving of honor and reverence.

this woman and I live in the same house
The phrase highlights the shared living situation of the two women, which is central to the unfolding drama. In ancient Israel, it was not uncommon for multiple families or individuals to share a dwelling, especially in urban settings. This shared space sets the stage for the conflict, as it implies a close, yet potentially contentious, relationship between the two women.

and I had a baby
The mention of having a baby introduces the central issue of the narrative. The Hebrew word for "baby" is "יֶלֶד" (yeled), which can refer to a child or infant. The birth of a child is a significant event, often associated with joy and hope for the future. In this context, it also becomes a source of conflict, as the identity and survival of the child are contested.

while she was in the house
This phrase underscores the presence of the other woman during the birth, which is crucial to the story's development. The shared living arrangement and the timing of the birth are key elements in the dispute that arises. It also sets the stage for Solomon's wise judgment, as he must discern the truth in a situation where both women claim the child as their own.

On the third day
The phrase "on the third day" often signifies a period of completion or divine intervention in the Bible. In Hebrew culture, the number three can symbolize completeness or stability. This timing sets the stage for the unfolding drama, emphasizing the immediacy and urgency of the situation. It also subtly hints at the divine orchestration behind the events that will lead to Solomon's wise judgment.

after I gave birth
Childbirth in ancient Israel was a significant event, often surrounded by community and family support. The personal nature of this statement highlights the vulnerability and isolation of the speaker. In the Hebrew context, giving birth was not only a physical act but also a spiritual and communal one, reflecting God's blessing and the continuation of His covenant people.

this woman also gave birth
The mention of "this woman" introduces the second mother, setting up the relational dynamic and conflict. The parallelism in their experiences underscores the shared humanity and the potential for misunderstanding and conflict. In the biblical narrative, women often play crucial roles in revealing deeper truths and moral lessons, as seen in this story.

We were alone
The isolation of the two women is significant. In ancient times, being alone during such a critical life event was unusual and suggests a lack of support or community. This detail heightens the tension and drama, as there are no witnesses to verify the events, making the situation ripe for Solomon's discerning judgment.

and there was no one else with us in the house
This repetition emphasizes the solitude and the lack of external validation or testimony. In biblical law, the presence of witnesses was crucial for establishing truth. The absence of others places the burden of discernment squarely on Solomon, highlighting his role as a wise and divinely appointed judge.

just the two of us
The phrase "just the two of us" reinforces the intimate and personal nature of the conflict. It also serves to focus the narrative on the relationship between the two women, their shared experiences, and the ensuing dispute. This intimacy invites readers to consider the deeper moral and ethical implications of the story, as well as the wisdom required to navigate such personal and complex situations.

During the night
The phrase "during the night" indicates a time of vulnerability and unawareness. In the Hebrew context, night often symbolizes a period of darkness and danger, where human control is limited, and unforeseen events can occur. Biblically, night can also represent spiritual darkness or a time of testing. This setting underscores the tragic and unexpected nature of the event, reminding believers of the need for vigilance and the protection of God's light in times of darkness.

this woman's son
The focus on "this woman's son" personalizes the tragedy, emphasizing the deep bond between a mother and her child. In ancient Israelite society, children were seen as a blessing from God, and the loss of a child was a profound sorrow. The mention of "this woman's son" highlights the personal and communal grief that accompanies such a loss, reflecting the value placed on family and lineage in biblical times.

died
The word "died" is stark and final, representing the cessation of life. In Hebrew, the concept of death is often associated with separation, not only from the physical body but also from the community and, in some interpretations, from God. This death serves as a catalyst for the unfolding narrative, illustrating the fragility of life and the reality of human mortality. It also sets the stage for the wisdom and justice of King Solomon, who is called to discern the truth in the aftermath of this death.

because she rolled over on him
This phrase provides the cause of the child's death, highlighting an accidental and tragic mistake. The Hebrew culture placed great importance on the role of a mother as a caregiver and protector, and this incident underscores the human propensity for error, even in roles of great responsibility. It serves as a poignant reminder of the need for grace and forgiveness in the face of human frailty. Theologically, it can also be seen as a metaphor for the unintended consequences of actions, urging believers to seek wisdom and guidance in their daily lives to prevent harm and uphold the sanctity of life.

And she got up in the middle of the night
This phrase sets the scene for a clandestine and deceitful act. The "middle of the night" often symbolizes a time of vulnerability and unawareness, reflecting the spiritual darkness in which the act was committed. In the Hebrew context, night is often associated with danger and evil deeds, as seen in other biblical narratives. The act of rising in the night suggests premeditation and a deliberate choice to act under the cover of darkness, away from the eyes of others, which is a common theme in biblical accounts where sin is committed.

took my son from my side
The phrase "took my son" indicates an act of theft and violation of maternal bonds. In ancient Israelite culture, the bond between a mother and her child was sacred and inviolable. The Hebrew word for "took" (לָקַח, laqach) often implies taking possession of something that does not belong to one, highlighting the gravity of the woman's actions. This act of taking the child from the mother's side underscores the intimacy and trust that was breached, as the child was taken from a place of safety and security.

while your maidservant slept
The term "maidservant" (אֲמָתֶךָ, 'amatecha) reflects humility and submission, as the speaker refers to herself in a position of servitude. This self-identification emphasizes her vulnerability and the trust she placed in the environment around her. The fact that the act occurred "while she slept" highlights her innocence and the betrayal of trust, as sleep is a state of defenselessness. This phrase also underscores the theme of deception, as the act was committed without her knowledge or consent.

laid him in her arms
The act of laying the living child in her arms is symbolic of a false claim to motherhood. In biblical times, the act of holding a child in one's arms was a sign of maternal care and protection. The Hebrew culture placed great importance on lineage and inheritance, and by placing the child in her arms, the woman was attempting to usurp the rightful place of the true mother. This action is a physical manifestation of the lie she is trying to perpetuate.

and put her dead son at my breast
This phrase completes the deceitful exchange, highlighting the callousness of the woman's actions. The act of placing the dead child at the breast of the true mother is a cruel irony, as the breast is a symbol of nourishment and life. In Hebrew culture, the breast is often associated with nurturing and the sustenance of life, making this act particularly heartless. This switch not only represents a physical exchange but also an attempt to alter the truth and reality of the situation.

And when I got up in the morning
This phrase sets the scene for a pivotal moment of realization. In the Hebrew context, morning often symbolizes new beginnings or revelations. The act of rising in the morning can be seen as a metaphor for awakening to truth or reality. In the biblical narrative, mornings are frequently times when God reveals His will or when significant events unfold, such as the resurrection of Christ. Here, it marks the beginning of a mother's discovery and the unfolding of divine wisdom through Solomon.

to nurse my son
The act of nursing is deeply intimate and nurturing, symbolizing the bond between mother and child. In ancient Israel, nursing was not only a physical act but also a spiritual and emotional connection. The Hebrew culture placed great importance on the family unit, and a mother's role was central to the upbringing and spiritual education of her children. This phrase underscores the natural expectation of care and life, which is starkly contrasted by the discovery of death.

behold, he was dead!
The word "behold" is often used in Scripture to draw attention to something significant or surprising. It is a call to pause and consider the gravity of the situation. The sudden realization of death where life was expected is a profound moment of grief and shock. In the biblical narrative, death is often a symbol of separation and loss, but it also sets the stage for divine intervention and the revelation of truth.

But when I examined him in the morning light
The act of examining in the "morning light" suggests a search for truth and clarity. Light in the Bible is frequently associated with God's presence, truth, and revelation. The morning light here symbolizes the uncovering of deception and the pursuit of justice. It is in the light that truth is revealed, aligning with the biblical theme that God is light and in Him, there is no darkness (1 John 1:5).

I saw that it was not the son I had borne
This realization is a moment of discernment and truth. The phrase "the son I had borne" emphasizes the personal and intimate knowledge a mother has of her child. It speaks to the deep connection and recognition that goes beyond physical appearance. In the broader biblical context, this moment foreshadows the wisdom of Solomon, who will later discern the true mother through divine insight. It highlights the theme of truth prevailing over deceit and the importance of wisdom in leadership and justice.

No! said the other woman
The Hebrew word for "No" here is "לֹא" (lo), a strong negation. This word sets the stage for the intense emotional conflict between the two women. In the ancient Near Eastern context, a woman's identity and security were often tied to her children, making this dispute not just about a child, but about the women's very survival and honor.

The living one is my son
The phrase "living one" in Hebrew is "הַחַי" (ha-chai), emphasizing the preciousness of life. In the biblical narrative, life is a gift from God, and the claim to the living child underscores the deep maternal bond and the desperation of the women to preserve their lineage and legacy.

and the dead one is your son
The word "dead" in Hebrew is "הַמֵּת" (ha-met), which starkly contrasts with "living." This juxtaposition highlights the gravity of the situation. In ancient Israel, death was not just a personal loss but a communal one, affecting inheritance and family continuity.

But the first woman insisted
The verb "insisted" suggests a persistent and passionate plea. This reflects the cultural and legal practices of the time, where verbal testimony was crucial in the absence of written records or forensic evidence. The insistence also reveals the depth of the mother's love and her determination to fight for her child.

No! The dead one is your son
Repetition in Hebrew literature often serves to emphasize a point. Here, the repeated denial underscores the conflict and the high stakes involved. It also reflects the oral tradition of storytelling, where repetition aids in memorization and emphasis.

and the living one is my son
This claim is central to the narrative, as it sets up the wise judgment of King Solomon. The assertion of maternal rights and the protection of one's offspring were paramount in ancient societies, reflecting the broader biblical theme of God's care for the vulnerable and the importance of justice.

So they argued before the king
The setting before the king, Solomon, is significant. In ancient Israel, the king was not only a political leader but also a judge. This scene foreshadows Solomon's renowned wisdom, which is a gift from God, as he navigates this complex human drama. The public nature of the argument also reflects the communal aspect of justice in biblical times, where disputes were often settled in the presence of witnesses.

The king replied
This phrase introduces us to King Solomon, who is renowned for his wisdom, a gift from God. The Hebrew root for "replied" is "עָנָה" (anah), which can also mean to answer or respond. This indicates Solomon's active engagement and discernment in the matter at hand. His role as a judge is pivotal, reflecting the king's duty to uphold justice and righteousness, a theme deeply rooted in the biblical narrative.

This woman says
The phrase highlights the direct speech and personal testimony of the women involved. In ancient Israel, the testimony of individuals, especially in a legal context, was crucial. The Hebrew word for "says" is "אָמַר" (amar), which conveys not just speaking but declaring or affirming. This emphasizes the seriousness of the claim being made, as each woman asserts her truth before the king.

‘My son is alive and your son is dead,’
This statement reflects the heart of the dispute. The possessive "my" underscores the deep maternal bond and the natural instinct to protect one's child. The Hebrew word for "alive" is "חַי" (chai), which signifies life, vitality, and the essence of being. In contrast, "dead" is "מֵת" (met), representing the finality and sorrow of death. This juxtaposition of life and death is a powerful motif throughout Scripture, often symbolizing spiritual truths and the choices between life in God and separation from Him.

but that woman says
The repetition of the claim by the second woman mirrors the first, creating a tension that requires divine wisdom to resolve. The use of "but" introduces a contrast, highlighting the conflict and the need for discernment. This reflects the biblical principle that truth must be discerned amidst conflicting testimonies, a task that requires wisdom beyond human understanding.

‘No, your son is dead and my son is alive.’
The reversal of the claim by the second woman further complicates the situation. The emphatic "No" in Hebrew is "לֹא" (lo), a strong negation that challenges the first woman's assertion. This back-and-forth highlights the complexity of human relationships and the challenges of justice. It sets the stage for Solomon's wise judgment, which ultimately reveals the true mother and underscores the biblical theme that true wisdom comes from God.

The king continued
This phrase highlights the authority and wisdom of King Solomon, who is central to this narrative. Solomon, the son of David, was known for his God-given wisdom, which he famously requested from God in a dream (1 Kings 3:5-9). The Hebrew root for "king" is "melek," which signifies not just a ruler but one who is divinely appointed to lead. Solomon's continuation in speech indicates his active role in resolving the dispute, showcasing his leadership and the divine wisdom he was granted.

Bring me a sword
The request for a sword is pivotal in this narrative. The Hebrew word for "sword" is "chereb," which often symbolizes judgment and authority in the Old Testament. In the context of ancient Israel, a sword was not only a weapon but also a tool of justice. Solomon's call for a sword is a dramatic and unexpected move, reflecting his strategic thinking. It sets the stage for the revelation of true maternal love, as the sword becomes a means to discern the truth rather than to enact violence.

So they brought him a sword
The obedience of Solomon's servants in bringing the sword underscores the respect and authority he commanded as king. This action reflects the trust and confidence his court had in his judgment. Historically, the king's word was law, and the immediate compliance of his servants illustrates the centralized power of the monarchy in ancient Israel. This moment is crucial as it leads to the unfolding of Solomon's wise judgment, which would become renowned throughout the land and solidify his reputation as a wise and discerning ruler.

He then declared
This phrase introduces the decisive moment in King Solomon's judgment. The Hebrew root for "declared" is "אָמַר" (amar), which means to say, speak, or command. In the context of ancient Israel, a king's word was authoritative and carried the weight of law. Solomon's declaration is not just a statement but a command that reveals his wisdom and authority as a ruler appointed by God.

Cut the living child in two
The shocking nature of this command is intentional. The Hebrew word for "cut" is "גָּזַר" (gazar), which means to divide or cut. This drastic measure is not meant to be carried out but serves as a test of the true mother's love. The phrase "living child" emphasizes the value of life and the gravity of the situation. Solomon's wisdom is demonstrated in his ability to discern the truth through such a provocative command.

and give half to one and half to the other
This part of the verse highlights the apparent fairness of the proposed solution, yet it is a test of the women's reactions. The Hebrew word for "give" is "נָתַן" (natan), meaning to give or bestow. Solomon's proposal seems to offer an equitable division, but it is designed to reveal the genuine maternal bond. The true mother would rather relinquish her claim than see her child harmed, showcasing the depth of a mother's love and the wisdom of Solomon in resolving disputes.

Then the woman whose son was alive spoke to the king
This phrase introduces the true mother, whose maternal instincts and love for her child compel her to speak. The Hebrew word for "spoke" (דָּבַר, dabar) often implies a significant or authoritative communication. In this context, it underscores the urgency and sincerity of the mother's plea. Historically, this moment is set in the court of King Solomon, renowned for his wisdom. The setting emphasizes the gravity of the situation and the desperation of the mother.

because she yearned with compassion for her son
The phrase "yearned with compassion" translates from the Hebrew word רָחַם (racham), which conveys deep emotional stirring and mercy. This word is often used in the Old Testament to describe God's compassion for His people, highlighting the depth of the mother's love. Her compassion is a reflection of the divine attribute of mercy, illustrating the natural, God-given bond between a mother and her child.

'Please, my lord,' she said, 'give her the living baby. Do not kill him!'
The plea "Please, my lord" shows respect and submission to King Solomon's authority, acknowledging his role as judge. The Hebrew word for "please" (נָא, na) is a particle of entreaty, indicating the urgency and earnestness of her request. Her willingness to give up her child to save his life demonstrates selfless love, a theme that resonates with the sacrificial love seen throughout Scripture, particularly in the New Testament with Christ's sacrifice.

But the other woman said, 'He will be neither mine nor yours. Cut him in two!'
The stark contrast between the two women is highlighted here. The phrase "He will be neither mine nor yours" reveals the other woman's bitterness and envy. Her willingness to see the child killed rather than belong to the true mother exposes a heart hardened by sin. This reflects the destructive nature of envy and selfishness, which are condemned throughout the Bible. The suggestion to "Cut him in two" is a shocking display of her lack of maternal instinct and compassion, serving as a foil to the true mother's love.

Then the king gave his ruling
This phrase introduces the decisive moment of King Solomon's judgment. The Hebrew word for "ruling" is "מִשְׁפָּט" (mishpat), which signifies a legal decision or judgment. Solomon's wisdom, granted by God, is on full display here, as he discerns the true mother through a test of compassion. Historically, this account underscores the role of the king as a judge in Israel, a position that required divine wisdom to administer justice.

Give the living baby to the first woman
The phrase "living baby" emphasizes the value of life in the biblical narrative. The Hebrew word for "living" is "חַי" (chai), which not only refers to physical life but also to vibrancy and vitality. Solomon's command to give the child to the first woman reveals his understanding of true motherhood, which is characterized by selfless love and the desire to preserve life. This decision reflects the biblical principle that true love seeks the well-being of others, even at personal cost.

Do not kill him
This command highlights the sanctity of life, a core tenet in the biblical worldview. The Hebrew verb "הָרַג" (harag) means to kill or destroy, and Solomon's explicit instruction to spare the child underscores the value placed on human life. In the broader scriptural context, this aligns with the commandment "You shall not murder" (Exodus 20:13), reinforcing the belief that life is a sacred gift from God.

She is his mother
The identification of the true mother is the climax of Solomon's judgment. The Hebrew word for "mother" is "אֵם" (em), which conveys not only biological motherhood but also the nurturing and protective role a mother plays. Solomon's wisdom in discerning the true mother reflects the biblical theme of truth prevailing over deception. This moment also serves as a testament to the divine wisdom granted to Solomon, fulfilling God's promise to give him a wise and discerning heart (1 Kings 3:12).

When all Israel heard
The phrase "When all Israel heard" indicates the widespread dissemination of the news regarding King Solomon's judgment. In the ancient Near Eastern context, news would travel through word of mouth, often carried by travelers, traders, and officials. The phrase underscores the unity of the nation under Solomon's rule, as "all Israel" suggests a collective identity and shared experience among the tribes. This unity is significant in the biblical narrative, as it reflects the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham about a great nation.

the judgment the king had rendered
The "judgment" refers to the famous decision Solomon made between two women claiming to be the mother of a child. The Hebrew word for judgment, "mishpat," implies a legal decision or decree. This particular judgment is a demonstration of Solomon's God-given wisdom, as it was not only a legal decision but also a moral and ethical one. The king's ability to render such a judgment highlights the importance of wisdom and discernment in leadership, a theme prevalent throughout the wisdom literature of the Bible.

they stood in awe of the king
The reaction of the people, "they stood in awe," indicates a deep respect and reverence for Solomon. The Hebrew root "yare" can mean fear, reverence, or awe, suggesting that the people recognized something divine in Solomon's ability to judge rightly. This awe is not merely about Solomon's human capabilities but is a recognition of the divine wisdom bestowed upon him. It reflects the biblical principle that true wisdom and authority come from God.

because they saw that the wisdom of God was in him
The phrase "the wisdom of God was in him" is central to understanding Solomon's role as king. The wisdom Solomon possessed was not of human origin but was a divine gift, as seen earlier in 1 Kings 3 when Solomon asks God for wisdom. The Hebrew word for wisdom, "chokmah," encompasses not just knowledge but also the skill and ability to apply that knowledge in practical ways. This divine wisdom is a testament to God's faithfulness in equipping those He calls to lead His people.

to administer justice
Finally, "to administer justice" speaks to the purpose of Solomon's wisdom. The Hebrew word for justice, "tsedeq," is often associated with righteousness and fairness. Solomon's role as king was not just to rule but to ensure that justice was upheld in the land. This reflects the biblical ideal of a king who is not only a political leader but also a moral and spiritual guide for the nation. The administration of justice is a key theme in the Old Testament, pointing to God's desire for His people to live in a society marked by righteousness and equity.