appreciate your time. cnx class. -- see you next class. today we're going to lk about the missoula free speech fight. so in the fall of, 1909, this woman pictured here, elizabeth gurley flynn, made her way today we are going to talk about the missoula free-speech fight.

in the fall of 1909 this woman pictured here, elizabeth gurley flynn, made her way to missoula to organize laborers. she was very young, 19 years old , as old as some of you guys are, maybe even a little younger. but she and several people were there to organize laborers, specifically, lumbar workers in missoula area. but the outcome of her visit there was not just a battle over labor rights and working conditions, but ultimately a battle over free speech, the rights to free speech, the right to speak freely in public, to assemble in public without being harassed or arrested or jailed. in this lecture we're going to get into the details of what actually happened in missoula, but i also want to start out a

little more broadly and talk about the context of this period, what is leading up to this battle, what is shaping it, and then in the aftermath, talk a little bit about what happened to ome of these people that were involved in this free-speech battle, what happened to some of the questions around free-speech, and a little bit more broadly, the significance of this missoula free-speech battle. all rit. this is a perioof intense, rapid, massive industrialization for the united states. this period from the late 19th to early a -- early 20th century. disappeared when you have the right of these industrial giants, people like andrew carnegie, john d rockefeller and others. it is when the united states goes from having some industry to being the world leader in industrial output, producing much more than other countries. it is a period when industrialization is moving to making things on a much larger

scale, much bigger businesses, huge corporations building things with new technology, developing ways to produce things more efficiently and more cheaply. this produces a lot of changes in the american society in this period. it produces a great amount of wealth. it produces a lot of different technologies, new technologies that benefit people. it raises standards of living. but it also produces some problems or issues. there is a lot of poverty that remains despite a great deal of wealth in this period. there is a tremendous amount of inequality that comes out of this period. there are changes to working conditions. how long people need to work, what hours they work. and a lot of more hazardous conditions under which they work. so there are lots of questions that come out about things like corporate power. the power that corporations have in the marketplace, as well as in politics.

but the biggest question, the overarching question is, what is called the labor question. the question of what rights or powers will laborers have in this new induril society. this is a picture here of part of andrew -- andrew carnegie's eworks. so the outcome of this is one of the outcomes anyway of this period of industrialization and some of his problem is great tensions around labor and class. to the extent that some of these tensions leads to violence , outbreaks of violence that, in fact, look a lot like war. this is a series of panels that might, on first blush, look like some panels from the civil war or something like that. but this is actually a strike at the homestead works, which is one of andrew carnegie 's steelworks in pennsylvania. after a strike in the attempt by employers to bring in nonunion laborers, there was

conflict, violence. the state militia was sent in, as well as the company hiring pinkertons, which were private police force , to try to get over the obstacles presentestriking workers. this is another ture here that gives you some sense of this. this is from colorado in the early 1900s in the gold mines and goldfields of colorado, which had shifted away frothe old, you know,

in this period there was intense violence around class and questions of labor, and u.s. had some of the most violent labor conflicts in the world. there were a lot of different questions about how they are going to respond to the new era of industrialization and corporate power and so on. some unions like the american federation of labor want to push for things like higher wages for workers and safer conditions. shorter hours. the aunt that they do not have a longer-range plan or broader goal. they are not trying to change society more fundamentally.

but other laborers and organizations are. they may also be pushing for things like better wages and working conditions. also pushing for ultimately fundamentally different system. a change to the system and industrial capitalism as it exists. for many they see the world something like this. where you have workers at the bottom who are producing the wealth doing the work, but it is the people above them automatically who are most benefiting from that, and there are other people in between there like the military who are keeping the workers in their place. the organization that is most associated with these ideas in this period are the industrial workers of the world. radical union. they wanted to overthrow capitalism. is was the major competitor to

the american federation of labor organization that had a more narrow idea about what it wanted for workers. the industrial workers of the world. this is their logo. you can see on the ritone of their cartoons or comics that they created. it gives you a sense ofwhat they are interested in. thpath on the left says a fair days pay for a fair days work. that was the slogan of the american federation of labor. industrial workers of the world path is on the right. the abolition of the wage system. the basic idea behind their ideas was that if they could organize all workers they could throw off the ruling capitalist class and they would manage the industries themselves and get all the wealth they saw being created for the workers and do away with the wage labor system.

>> what does it mean we eat for you? >> that is a good question. i am not really sure what that part means. those look like middle or upper class people. i guess they are people that are benefiting off of the backs of laborers, but i am not sure why it is phrased as we eat for you. that is a good question. the industrial workers of the world are interested in organizing workers. all workers. so one of the things that is different in addition to the more radical take on society than the american federation of labor is they are in industrial union. that means that an industrial union was contrasted with the

craft unions of the federation of labor. unions made up of skilled workers in an industry. industrial unions would be a union of every worker in that industry. skilled and unskilled. probably none that were literally unskilled, but there were different levels of skill. this is just a part of a detailed chart they created, but it shows you all of these say all workers. they divided them up by different industries, and that is how they would organize this broader union. all of the workers in those industries would be a part of that union. in addition to trying to organize all workers skilled and unskilled they wanted to organize all workers regardless of things like gender or race or ethnicity. that was not something that was true of the american federation of labor who excluded most african americans and a lot of women in chinese and other workers. in addition to excluding

unskilled workers. they are interested in organizing all workers. doesn't matter what race or whether you are a man or woman, and finally they wanted to organize workers on a global scale through the industrial workers of the world. ultimately they want to organize labor across national lines as well. you can see here this is a map of actions, which was kind of the golden age, and they are working all across the united states. they take a lot of actions in the northeast and some of the manufacturing industries there, but a lot of their work is located in the west. in many ways they come out of

the last. the main predecessor organization to them is a union called the western federation of miners. the impetus comes out of another one of these really bloody labor battles that happens in the mining industry in idaho. as a result of that they decide they need to organize on a much broader scale to build an organization for all minors in the last. each in butte, montana to create the western federation of miners. many members are the key people who push for the organization of an even bigger umbrella organization. in chicago in 1905. they come out. a part of the reason they have a lot of actions. you can see a lot of the pacific northwest in particular. a lot of the people they want to organize and that are not being organized by other unions

are located in the west. those type of workers are hard to organize and many don't bother, but they want to organize them, so that is why you can see a lot of their actions in the west. >> what is the dark red indicate? >> i think those are areas with multiple actions. i think those are areas where there were more than one.

just by the way there is a university of washington has an interactive website of digital history we can look at things like these tactive maps and graphs and all sorts of thg about the history of thi aww over time, so a really cool resource to checout . so we are going to talk about montana and how this relates to montana. it is one of these parts of the west were the industrial workers of the world are very active. this is where the federation of miners was created to one of the key predecessors to the aww. montana's industry is dominated by the copper industry. copper mines have emerged in

the late 19th century as some of the most profitable and rich mines in terms of copper in the world. by this period no other place on earth is producing more copper. that mining has to be done on an industrial scale. copper is mixed in with all sorts of other materials. not as valuable as something like gold or silver, so you have to do a lot to be able to make a profit and smelt back down. ideally not a long ways away. it is kind of a ways from a lot of other industrial centers in place that might make use of copper. you do not want to ship it all the way across the country. you want to smelted down and purify it first. the copper mines are he. it is an urban industrial nter in the west in this

period. st outside is a town that was actually just create entirely to be a smelting cenfor the copper were coming out. there are various different owners in the area. the biggest of these that emerges in the early 1900s is the anaconda copper company put one of the biggest corporations in the world at the time. so these are huge industrial processes. the mines that are being built, but they need, among other things, one really crucial material to make these things operate, and that is would. you need a lot to build all of these minds. the chefs are supported by huge timbers.

they go thousands of feet deep. there are thousands of miles of lines built. this is one of them working on these wooden timbers. you could just imagine thousands of miles of that. it takes a lot of would. they use coal and also a lot of would. this picture on the left. it might look at 1st glance like a field of hay bales, but if you look closer in the foreground you can see that is wood stacked up youthis is a force that has been with you dated and chomped down and stacked into piles to feed the smelter, so they need a tremendous amount for this major industry of montana. where is that going to come from? it will come from western montana. that is where these huge

forests are located. right in the middle of those is missoula, which is one of the places there are a lot of travel routes come together and rivers come together, so a natural place for building a really big melt. there are all sorts of pendleton montana in the last in this period. the biggest is the company just outside of missoula. and initially owned independently and eventually bought in the early 1900s by the anaconda copper company because wood is so important to their industry. the workers in this industry are the workers that othersare going to come and organize. organize them because the work is very hard and dangerous. conditions nder which they

work are very poor in a lot of ways. just to give you a sense of what this looks like. to go out into the woods. you have to get this out there, see go into the woods. chopping down these trees with axes or hand saws. very difficult work. and then you have to skid the logs down and load them on a bandwagon or a sled that is drawn by horses. you can see these are all pictures from the blackfoot drainage were most of the wood came from. and then you would take those to the riverside this was often done in winter because it is easier to that way. and then you wait for the spring runoff when they are flowing the the high end fast and cold also and then you push

those logs into the river and float them down. if you are working on that he float down the rivewith them. those are on the top right. workers who are shepherding those into the river and there going to follow them down. you can imagine going down but those kind logs like that. you might face things like massive logjams. just imagine being in the middle of something like that and having to deal with it with hand tools or maybe dynamite, which is one of the ways they tried to break these up. incredibly hard and dangerous work. ultimately decide the blackfoot river here. coming out of these mountains and flowing down to the big blckfoot mill where they would then be cut into smaller pieces. this was hard itself as well. and dangerous. but workers were people who

would go to work and probably live somewhere around there. they could go for their work every day. and go back to their homes at night. that wasn't true of people who worked in the forest and cut down logs. they lived in lumber camps. they were very difficult places to live. not only is this work hard and paid very little, but the conditions under which they live are pretty horrible. they often live in tents or shacks that are very poor the heated. they sleep on basically wooden boards with may be a thin layer of hay, and that would be infested with lice and bedbugs d other types of vermin. they would be fed not enough food, and much of the food that was fed to them was just wanting food. so you can see this is a bulletin from a little bit later. from western montana. you can see it says there

demanding things like an eight hour day and higher pay and also things like blankets and wholesome food and better sanitary conditions. also no discrimination against strikers. the final phrase on there. and injury one is an injury to all. one of the key mottos. i do not know exactly when this is from, but we know wher this happened members of aww were involved in that in som way. so the aww organizers that come to missoula are common to organize these numbs that are working in these very dangerous jobsand living under poor

itis. this is roughly what it would hoked like around that time from where we are right now. often in the distance down there you can see a idge. that is the higgins a street bridge or that is what it was. just across the river there. downtown missoula. that is where they are going to go. here is a map of downtown missoula from that time period. front street going east and west. at the very bottom is the bridge down there. why would they go to missoula to try to organize lumber workers? that is not where they are doing their work, right? to give you a sense of this they would be going ile they may be bringing wood to a mill located in missoula or other

towns around there they would be working all over parts of western montana. it is very difficult to go out to all of these lumber camps. they do not know where they are. they come and go. they do not always know where they are, so they often come into a town. that is where they are going, but there is another reason as well. the way that this is one of those jobs they move around seasonally or work in some area. all of the logs are cut down, so they have to move somewhere else. they would go to a town like missoula or one of these other cities in the pacific northwest.

those agencies would know where the work was. as a worker you would go to these employment agencies. you would pay them some money and they would give you a letter and you can go to where ed was in give them your letter that said you paid the employment agency and he would go to work there. so that is it is supposed to work and fe. in practice the way it worke was much more exploitative. this i their publications. it shows lumber workers coming here and down in the front bottom part paying him some money to he gets a letter. they often had to pay somebody

to transport them, so they pay a little more money. they go to the labor camps and they are put to work for them but i work for a few days or weeks and then get fired or the foreman might say we do not have any more work. move on out, so they would have to go through the process again. find another employment agency and pay them again and go to another spot. by to work this way? because employment agencies have an incentive to try to get more people through their doors. it doesn't benefit them if they are staying in these camps for months or years on and. they want more people coming through the employment agency. they would pay the foreman to fire or let go some of these workers after a short period of time so they would come back and pay the employment agency again. they would pay money up front

and go out and only work for a little bit and have to do the process again. in some cases they didn't have money to pay upfront, so that would make an agreement they would garnish their wages for a little bit to pay for that first payment. they would go out to these jobs and work for a couple of weeks. they might be let go and not make any money at all. there was a lot of exploitation here. this is the key thing the workers were organized around in this period of the pacific northwest. they started a campaign the year before they go to missoula here. against what they called the employment sharks. these agencies that they saw as being exploiting these workers. so that is what they are there to do, and they are downtown because that is where the agencies are located. they want to protest outside and

conne with workers who are in downtowmissoula who may be going to those agencies and help organize for a part of this campaign. so they go and set up the base of operations on main street in the basement of an opera house. a nice spot for their headquarters. and from there they can speak out on the street downtown. just to orient you a little bit here. they go downtown. one of the key spots they start speaking and gizing is where the circle is on the cornerf iggins and front street. that is the hotel. just across the street to the south is the hammond building. to e east is missoula.

to southeast across the street is the first national bank. thiis what that looked like in this period. that circle is the corner of higgins and front street where they did a lot of their speaking. that is the florence building behind. and across the street you can see that in the first national bank in the foregroundothe right. this is right around time. this is what missoula would have looked like then. would have been to roads. there were not streetcars yet. probably some early automobiles. a lot of horses still. the sidewalks would have been paved, and it is a town that is growing quite radly but still pretty small. a lot of things in close proximity. so these are the three laborers that go in the fall of 1909.

on the left i showed you a picture of, and she is referred to as john here because although she was only 19 years old shalready made a name for herself as a fierce proponent of workers rights, so they often refer to her as the joan of arc. this fierce woman warrior. she was in high demand as a spear on labor rights. to the right of her is jack jones who was her husband. he had been a minor and an organizer for the industrial workers of the world. on the right is another guy who started out as a minor and became a professional organizer. frank would become probably the most famous member of industrial work is of the world be velmore about why that is at the end of the

presentation. these guys to set up their base of operations in the theater. they go out and start speaking on street corners. they stand on a soapbox literally or a barrel and began with fellow workers and tried to discuss with workers that are around there on the street there exploitation. convinced them to unionize. and so on. these workers. a lot of their organizing was done on the street. that is where a lot of the laborers they wanted to organize ended up being. they are very oriented towards it, so they do this for a few days in the employment agencies are right here. there is one that is in that

florence hotel. on the first floor of that where they are speaking and others that are right around there ear shot of them. there are other businesses downtown that do not like these radical organizers out there speaking and put pressure on the city and ultimately the police come and arrest them. jones and little are arrested. they go to court the next day. they argue before the judge they are not doing anything wrong. they are out there speaking. arrested under an ordinance about disturbing the peace. they argue there are others out there making as much noise as we are. they were out there trying to connect with people or workers.

otherwise tried to urge them to better, more rural people and christian people. they made use of things like music and shouting at people out there as well. that is happening in downtown missoula at the same time. the judge says that is irrelevant and convicts them. orders them to go to jail for 15 days and to pay a fine bozos i was suspended if you agree not to speak anymore because this is the thing they really want. just want them to stop speaking out. they refused to do that, they are sent to jail. this is a cartoon.

illustrating some of th things. talking about how they are on soapbox being arrested by police. erere a few other things well. on the top right you can see a police officer being paid off. next to h is the red light district. in this area where they are at. this area over here. you can see it well enough from where you are. there are a bunch of buildings here. what they say on them is fb. it stands for a female boardinghouse, which is the red light district right there. all of this other crime that is

going on in the police are being paid often not doing anything about that. in othewods they are not there to enforce the ws or morality. they are there trfe with labor organizing. the ttom you can see where they were sent to jail. it was in the basement of a building in the floor above that is where the city stables were. when there were a lot of horses being used to the city had a lot of horses and kept them in that area. i put this songbook.. it is an organizing tool in developed this book to fan the flames of

discontent. one of their most famous songs come out a few years after this. the key line is work and pray. live on hey. you will get pie-in-the-sky when you die. do not worry about things i tried to get more on this material earth. they are saying you should fight for what is rightfully yours now. iww

on the outside. right. the jailing of jones and little leaves elizabeth on her own as the main organizer on the outside. she is actually pregnant at this time although it is not really clear if she knows that or not. she is young but nevertheless a very good leader. while they are in jail they

gather other workers locally to take their place speaking on the street. other local people and lumbar workers agree to speak out as well. one of them is a guy named george appleby. a young lumber worker. flynwres later in her memoirs about this that he was really scared of public speaking. a guy who worked in is a dangerous job. but probably wasn't scared of a lot of things, but he was scared of public speaking. nevertheless was willing to get up on his soapbox and speak. he gets up and says and starts to speak and says fellow workers and that is as far as he gets before he is yanked up by the police and put in jail. there is another guy watching this from an office window nearby.

he is actually an engineer for the forest service. not really a laborer but more of a professional class of people. he is watching this and decides to run down from his office. goes across the street and jumps up on one of these soapboxes as well and starts speaking. he says i believe in free speech and he is yanked off of the soapbox as well and arrested. at the same time flynn is getting local people to start speaking she sends out a telegram tt industrial worker, which is the main publication of the aww. published out of spokane nearby. she sends this telegram requesting people to come to missoula. asks every freeborn american to come and help out. she says it may be necessary to fill the missoula jails. it appears that she had this tactic in mind.

a few days before that she had written and the industrial worker we intend to fill the jails to overflowing if they start arresting. this is interesting because this is a new tactic in civil disobedience. the idea of intentionally getting arrested and using those overwhelming city with arrests in order to try to pressure them to change their ways. she sends out this thing really trying to prod people from other areas to come to missoula. do you love the police? have you been robbed and if so go to missoula. so gets published in industrial worker. in the me these guys that have not been arrested. this lumber worker and forest engineer are released from jail.

as i said. the city is not really want to keep them. just wants them to stop speaking. they with these them but they do not leave. they go back out and start speaking on the street. as do others. there are more people sent to jail. they start because it is now clear they are not going to get a chance to say much and they want to make a point. they start to just read the declarof independence and constitution. this is other cartoonand it is a showing this judge who says that against the constitulk in the streets. making a point about free speech and then behind him is one of these employment agency people who is giving him money. insinuating that this judge is being paid off. so by this point the speeches

and arrests are starting to create rl spectacle in the town. hundreds people start thousands start to gather. the mayor does not wanthis big spectacled. so he orders the re chief to go down there and brthe firehose and wagon and tell the people that are gathered around their disperse. to get out or there is goig to be used for thesfirehose on them. thy efused to disperse, so the fie chief lasts all of the people that have gathered around with water. right now this is october 1, so they have come here in late september and have been here for a bit. i do not know exactly what the temperature was, bu potentially not very warm o and they are blasting them with cold water.

there are more arrests that happen as people keep speaking and getting arrested. also reinforcements start to arrive. of elizabeth's call for people to come to missoula starts paying off. people start to come in droves. there are more arrests. the jails start filling up more and more. flynn gives a speech to hundreds of people in front of the theater and eventually she is arrested too. the pocwere probably trying to put off arresting a man because it has bad optics, but eventually they arrest her. she is defin. she says they won't be suppressed en if 10 men are jailed e day. by this point public inion is really starting to turn against the city and the police. thousands of people continue to gather despite the use of a firehose on one of these days.

the mayor decides because of the backlash he is not going to do that anymore. a lot of people are starting to develop sympathy for these organizers and workers. giving them newspapers. elizabeth is released from jail pretty quickly and then another woman is arrested and when the police arrest her and start to take her to jail 500 people trailed behind the police. one person throws a rock. very nearly breaks into a riot. newspapers from far away start to carry stories about this. in illinois there is a story that mentions 2000 people stormed the jail demanding the release of prisoners. there is a lot of coverage of the arrest and treatment of them by the police. mentioning that these awful jail conditions they are living under. beatings suffered by the people that are arrested.

one of these key organizers is one case beaten to an unconscious pulled by the sheriff uses a large broski to do th, and there are a lot of others. this is from the montana news, which is out of helena. probably not surprisingly not sympathetic to the aww. other newspapers also start to express sympathy as well. despite all of these arrests and brutality the aww continues its practice and starts to pay off. by the end of the first week in october 70 people are imprisoned in jails. and this is not a big city. they have to rent out a new jail.

right underneath is where they created a new jail to start putting a lot of these people that were arrested. they have to rent out a new courtroom. it is getting very expensive for the city. the people that are arrested tried to deliberately get arrested right before dinner so the city has to feed them and they refused to be before they are fed breakfast in the morning. the city is paying for a lot of food for these people. one man who was arrested and released to see his wife comes back and begged to be of that back into the delight of many around their. these people that are being arrested or trying to put pressure on the city. oming on the horizon for the city. the cities big annual apple show. they are a big deal in missoula.

a really big deal. cintosh apples are nationally known at this time. they are famous, and missoula has an apple festival. the city is facing what appears to be a struggle. the city council orders the police to stop arresting these workers and organizers who are out on the street speaking. they win their first free- speech fight. it is really the first of its kind in the 20th century. the battle over free speech. so they have this win.

they came originally to try to organize workers against the exploitation by these employment agencies and lumber owners. that battle continues. this is a sign from 1917 in montana. a big strike across a lot of it in the pacific northwest. it says only real humans invited. so they have a long way to go in the labor organizing battles. they also continue their free- speech fights. they go to spokane right after winning this battle and

basically the same thing happens all over again xct on a larger scale. the fight is drawn out longer. police stuff other organizers into tiny cells and then they blast steam heat into those cells. they nearly suffocated and a lot of them pass out beer when they're done with that they transfer them to freezing cold cells, so many of them verged on hypothermia. this goes on for weeks, and they are basically given no food and brutally beaten. 16 of them end up seriously hospitalized in three of them die. there are numerous other free- speech fights that emerge in other cities across the vast. this is one from san diego. you can see the use of fire

hoses on the crowd. another question the relationship between american ideals without free-speech and what is actually happening. toe involved in other free speech fights like spokane. but she also becomes a founding member, the american civil liberties union, during these during and after these free speech fights in the 19 teen she goes on to be thinvolved er their free-speech fights. she also becomes a founding member. during and after these free-speech fights. there is a lot of emerging concern. that

on the becomes more prominent during world war i. the outcome of that is an attempt to build an organization that can fight for free-speech rights as well as other civil rights. that of the american civil liberties union. she continues basically to devoted to radical politics, socialism, and free-speech. this is a pamphlet that she wrote. it is about the smith act. or tobe a part of an organization that advocates something like that. many socialists and calmness organizations from this period

were made illegal through this act. one related to free speech. they split up at some point. i don't really know what what happens there but jack jones to chicago jack jones goes on in a different direction but also one related to free-speech. they split up at some point. do not really know what happens there, but jack jones moves to chicago and found this club called the dill pickle club. you casee the entrance to it here in the alleyway. a big danger sign above it. this is basically a club that is designed to next radical politics. and open discussion of things like human sexuality. this is something that was very rare for its time. the idea was to create a place

where you would have a free discussion. among other things discussions about things like homosexuality. where they were organizing in d story also is intertwined with the story of free speech in america. right across the river from where they were organizing downtime missoula was the milwaukee railroad. if you follow that he would eventually come across a railroad trussell and hanging from that would be a person and that was frank little. there was a big strike in the minds. a very tense situation. they all always tense, but in the middle of the war they are

more intense. copper was one of the key materials. a lot of money to be made off of its production, so there was a lot of steak. many were very unhappy with their position. the union had not been recognized by the copper company. there had been a huge mining accident and one of the minds. the worst in the history of the united states. that catalyzed in unity movement for labor. the workers send one of the top organizers to be a part of that effort to try to sway some of these workers and forming unions to be connected with them. he was there for about two weeks before one night six masked men broke into the place he was living and dragged him out of

their behind in automobile. and brought into this realtor trussell where they hanged him and he was killed. nobody was ever convicted let alone indicted for this murder. many suspected that the copper company had been involved. night before or evening before he was ere one of the key people in the company had called up the district attorney for the state of montana to the sixth floor of the hennessy building. called them off and said you have to arrest the sky. he is speaking out against. he is trying to organize these labors is. speaking out against the war and you need to arrest the sky.

they said there is no law to arrest him. he refuses to do that. literally hours later that he was cracked from his house and murdered. in the aftermath of that analyze pushed for the creation of a state law that would make that sort of speech illegal. in 1918 they passed an act that made it illegal to basically criticize the government or criticize the war. and then not long after that the national government passed its own act which was basically a copy of montana's. making it illegal to speak out against of the war or criticize the war the government. one of the worst incursions of civil liberties and free-speech in american history.

thousands were arrested under those laws. so these freeze dried -- free-speech fights inaugurated a series of discussions about free speech and america that had not existed on that level before from people who were concerned about my speech could be allowed in people who were concerned about what limits they would be on free-speech. these start in 1909 in missoula and go into the teens and there is the act that was passed. other sorts of things that bring up questions of free speech well into the 1920s when there are a number of supreme court cases around these laws that are created.

course it remains an important topic in american history after that throughout the 20th century into the 21st century up to today. the second thing that is interesting is these new civil disobedience tactics that are originated. february 6, 1961 50 years or so later members of the committee send volunteers to south carolina to sit at a segregated lunch counter and get arrested. the way that a lot of civil rights actions at work before this was when people were arrested he would fill them out right away as soon as possible. get them back on the street so they can do more. they switched tactics at this point and refused to be dealt out. they decide they're going to stay in jail. this tactic the comes known as jail nobel becomes one of the tactics of the civil rights

movement of african americans in the 1960s. the committee doesn't look to have any knowledge this had been used some 50 years before. they seem to have reinvented this idea. later in the 60s a part of the outcome was an increasing interest among historians of social movements of the past including the industrial workers of the world. there are books and articles published in the 60s and 70s increasing the that recovered this history and showed for the first time that tactic had been used. basically the tactic that was originated that had started then.

so these two key things. emergence of the battles over free-speech rights in this tactic of jail nobel come out of missoula. we will stop there. you can ask questions if you have any. >> i know history is a bunch of what apps, but do you think if the mining disaster frank little would have survived longer? >> made the. he went there after that. i do not know if that wouldn't have happened. may have been that he wouldn't have been sent there, and that was a key moment reinvigorating that. it may have been that they would have continued on. it could have changed in that way.

>> where was the original jail they were sent to? >> it was right downtown. let's see if i can -- i believe it was right over here. that is the fire department. i think it was underneath out. it was summer in that area. everything was very close together. >> on the call that he had up there it said something about mozilla police using sexual violence against female organizers:is that a tactic that was widely used to your knowledge?>> i thought that was interesting too. i have not seen any other discussions of police sexually assaulting women as a part of this. certainly could have happened. also possible that they were using -- women's protection --

it was a very important thing at this time especially among middle-class people. the implication that might be happening might have been a way to get more people on their side. i do not know if that actually did happen or not. they often try to to avoid arresting women in the first place precisely because there was so much concern around it. some insisted on being arrested. other questions? >> obviously they won the free- speech belt with a successful breaking the cycle with the employment companies and all of that corruption? >> that is a good question. i think what happened was that as transportation and of the lumber industry shifted away

from some of these more itinerant lumber camps those became less prominent. one of the things that happens is there are more railroads built, and is easier to transport these in that way, so the system breaks down a little bit. i do not think it came out being successful doing that. o. i mean my guess is that there were students like the rest of th a >>s a li i am not sure to what it connected with what was going on at the university. my guess is there were students who like the rest of them are going down there and watching what was happening. maybe even participating to some extent. you had this worker a lot of connections between the forestry department. that could have been some

connections there, but i haven't seen anything specific. any other questions? thanks, guys.