绿色革命
绿色革命（英語：Green Revolution），或称为第三次农业革命（Third Agricultural Revolution），是一组1950年至1960年代末之间的一系列研究技术转让倡议，1960年代末开始最显着地提高了全世界的农业产量，特别是在发展中国家。[1] 这些举措使新技术得到应用，其中包括谷物的高产品种（HYVs），特别是矮化小麦和水稻、化肥和农用化学品结合、可控的供水（通常涉及灌溉）和新耕种方法，包括机械化。这些都被视为将取代“传统”技术、被整体采用的“一揽子实践”。[2]
福特基金会和洛克菲勒基金會都参与了绿色革命在墨西哥的最初发展。[3][4]其中一位主要领导人“绿色革命之父”诺曼·博劳格于1970年获得诺贝尔和平奖。他因拯救了超过十亿的饥饿人口而倍受赞誉。其基本方法是开发谷物高产品种，扩大灌溉基础设施，现代化管理技术，向农民分发杂交种子、合成肥料和农药。
美国国际开发署（USAID）署长威廉·高德（William S. Gaud）在1968年3月8日的演讲中首次使用了“绿色革命”一词，他提到了新技术的传播：“农业领域中这些及其他的进步包含着一场新的革命。这不是像苏联那样的红色革命，也不是像伊朗国王那样的白色革命。我称之为绿色革命。”[5][6]
参见
编辑参考文献
编辑引用
编辑- ^ Hazell, Peter B.R. The Asian Green Revolution. IFPRI Discussion Paper (Intl Food Policy Res Inst). 2009 [2019-12-24]. GGKEY:HS2UT4LADZD. （原始内容存档于2020-10-28）.
- ^ Farmer, B. H. Perspectives on the 'Green Revolution'in South Asia. Modern Asian Studies. 1986, 20 (1): 175–99. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00013627.
- ^ Wright, Angus, "Downslope and North: How Soil Degradation and Synthetic Pesticides Drove the Trajectory of Mexican Agriculture through the Twentieth Century" in Christopher R. Boyer, A Land Between Waters: Environmental Histories of Modern Mexico. Tucson: University of Arizona Press 2012, pp. 22-49.
- ^ Gary Toenniessen et al. "Building an alliance for a green revolution in Africa." Annals of the New York academy of sciences 1136.1 (2008): 233–42. online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- ^ Gaud, William S. The Green Revolution: Accomplishments and Apprehensions. AgBioWorld. 8 March 1968 [8 August 2011]. （原始内容存档于2016-01-18）.
- ^ Marie-Monique Robin, The World According to Monsanto: Pollution, Corruption, and the Control of the World's Food Supply (The New Press, 2010) p. 308 [缺少ISBN]
资料来源
编辑- Dr Arvind Upadhayaya. Black spots in Green revolution. [2019-12-24]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-24）.
- Conway, Gordon. The doubly green revolution: food for all in the twenty-first century. Ithaca, NY: Comstock Pub. 1998. ISBN 978-0-8014-8610-4.
- Dowie, Mark. American foundations: an investigative history. Cambridge, MA: MIT. 2001. ISBN 978-0-262-04189-8.
- Farrell, John Joseph; Altieri, Miguel A. Agroecology: the science of sustainable agriculture 2nd. Boulder, CO: Westview. 1995. ISBN 978-0-8133-1718-2.
- Frison, Emile. Green Revolution in Africa will depend on biodiversity. Development and Cooperation. 2008, 49 (5): 190–93. （原始内容存档于8 December 2008）.
- Jain, H.K. The Green Revolution: History, Impact and Future 1st. Houston, TX: Studium Press. 2010. ISBN 978-1-933699-63-9.
- Oasa, Edmund K. Glaeser, Bernhard , 编. The Green Revolution revisited: critique and alternatives. Allen & Unwin. 1987: 13–55. ISBN 978-0-04-630014-2.
- Ross, Eric. The Malthus Factor: Poverty, Politics and Population in Capitalist Development. London: Zed Books. 1998. ISBN 978-1-85649-564-6.
- Ruttan, Vernon. The Green Revolution: Seven Generalizations. International Development Review. 1977, 19: 16–23.
- Sen, Amartya Kumar; Drèze, Jean. Hunger and public action. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1989. ISBN 978-0-19-828365-2.
- Shiva, Vandana. The violence of the green revolution: Ecological degradation and political conflict in Punjab. Dehra Dun: Research Foundation for Science and Ecology. 1989. ISBN 978-81-85019-19-2.
- Smil, Vaclav. Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production. MIT Press. 2004. ISBN 978-0-262-69313-4.
- Spitz, Pierre. Glaeser, Bernhard , 编. The Green Revolution revisited: critique and alternatives. Allen & Unwin. 1987: 57–75. ISBN 978-0-04-630014-2.
- Wright, Angus. Bruce Colman; Jackson, Wes , 编. Meeting the expectations of the land: essays in sustainable agriculture and stewardship. San Francisco: North Point Press. 1984: 124–38. ISBN 978-0-86547-171-9. Editors list列表缺少
|last2=(帮助) - Wright, Angus Lindsay. The death of Ramón González: the modern agricultural dilemma. Austin: University of Texas Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0-292-71268-3.
延伸阅读
编辑- Cotter, Joseph (2003). Troubled Harvest: Agronomy and Revolution in Mexico, 1880–2002. Westport, CT: Prager [缺少ISBN]
- Deb, Debal, "Restoring Rice Biodiversity", Scientific American, vol. 321, no. 4 (October 2019), pp. 54–61. "India originally possessed some 110,000 landraces of rice with diverse and valuable properties. These include enrichment in vital nutrients and the ability to withstand flood, drought, salinity or pest infestations. The Green Revolution covered fields with a few high-yielding varieties, so that roughly 90 percent of the landraces vanished from farmers' collections. High-yielding varieties require expensive inputs. They perform abysmally on marginal farms or in adverse environmental conditions, forcing poor farmers into debt." (p. 54.)
- Harwood, Andrew (14 June 2013). "Development policy and history: lessons from the Green Revolution" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
- Jain, H.K. Green revolution: history, impact and future. Houston: Studium Press. 2010. ISBN 978-1441674487. A brief history, for general readers.
外部链接
编辑- Norman Borlaug talk transcript, 1996
- The Green Revolution in the Punjab, by Vandana Shiva （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Accelerating the Green Revolution in Africa. Rockefeller Foundation. （原始内容存档于2 October 2010）.
- Moseley, W. G. In search of a better revolution. Minneapolis StarTribune. 14 May 2008. （原始内容存档于16 December 2018）.
- Rowlatt, Justin. IR8: The Miracle Rice Which Saved Millions of Lives. BBC News. December 1, 2016 [December 1, 2016]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-25）. About the 50th anniversary of the rice strain.