编辑“︁芝麻”︁

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{{Speciesbox
| image =Sesamum indicum - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-129.jpg
| image2 = Sesamum indicum 2.jpg
| taxon = Sesamum indicum
| authority = [[L.]], 1753
| synonyms_ref = {{r|theplantlist}}
| synonyms = {{collapsible list |title=异名 |bullets=1
 | ''Dysosmon amoenum'' {{small|Raf., 1817}}
 | ''Sesamum africanum'' {{small|Tod., 1866}}
 | ''Sesamum occidentalis'' {{small|Heer & Regel, 1842}}
 | ''Sesamum oleiferum'' {{small|Sm., 1802}}
 | ''Sesamum orientale'' {{small|L., 1753}}
 | ''Volkameria orientalis'' {{small|(L.) Kuntze, 1891}}
 }}
}}

'''脂麻'''（{{lang-xm|Sesamum indicum}}），俗作'''芝麻'''，別名'''巨胜'''、'''苣蕂'''、'''油麻'''，有时讹称'''胡麻'''<ref>{{Cite journal|title=胡麻是亚麻，非脂麻辨——兼论中草药名称混乱的根源和《神农本草经》的成书年代及作者|url=http://www.plantsystematics.com/CN/abstract/abstract1544.shtml|author=吴征镒|author2=王锦秀|author3=汤彦承|date=2007-07-18|journal=植物分类学报|issue=4|doi=10.1360/aps06196|volume=45|pages=458–472|issn=1674-4918|access-date=2021-08-20|archive-date=2022-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225030000/https://www.plantsystematics.com/CN/abstract/abstract1544.shtml|dead-url=no}}</ref>，是[[脂麻科]][[脂麻屬]]植物。它遍佈世界上的[[熱帶地區]]，在温带地区也有种植。因為它的種子含油率较高并是可食用的，所以它被大量種植。由於品種差異，芝麻有黑、白等不同顏色的區別<ref>{{cite book |author1=林勃攸 |title=餐桌上的調味百科：從調味、製醬到烹調，掌握配方精髓的完美醬料事典 |date=2017-05-06 |publisher=麥浩斯 |isbn=9789864082681 |page=194}}</ref>。食用以白芝麻为好，补益药用则以黑芝麻为佳。芝麻既可食用又可作为油料。

== 形态 ==
芝麻為一年生[[植物]]，植株高度約50-100[[釐米]]高，全株被茸毛，茎直立，四棱形，单干或分枝。[[葉]]對生或互生，葉緣全緣，葉長約4至14釐米，葉披針形、心脏形或椭圆形，在植株基部的葉子較闊，寬度約五釐米；在花莖上的葉子較窄，寬度約一釐米。花一般都是筒形四瓣的，長約3到5釐米，顏色是白色到紫色。种子扁椭圆形，有白、黄、棕红或黑色。喜温耐旱，不耐霜涝。
{{gallery
|File:sesame_plant.jpg|植株
|File:Sesamum indicum 13.JPG|植株花
|File:Sesamum indicum NP.jpg|芝麻田(尼泊爾)
|File:Sesamum idicum flos.jpg|花
|File:Sesamum indicum fructus.jpg|蒴果
|File:Sa white sesame seeds.jpg|種子(白芝麻)
}}

== 歷史 ==
人類很早就掌握了從芝麻提取[[植物油]]的技術<ref name="rram">{{cite web|title=Sesame: New Approaches for Crop Improvement|author1=Raghav Ram|author2=David Catlin|author3=Juan Romero|author4=Craig Cowley|name-list-style=amp|publisher=Purdue University|year=1990|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1990/v1-225.html|access-date=2023-09-21|archive-date=1999-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990203070330/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1990/v1-225.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>。[[脂麻属]]有很多不同品種的植物，大部分都是野生的，分布在[[撒哈拉以南非洲]]；而此栽培種芝麻源自印度<ref name="Y. P. S. Bajaj">{{cite book |author=T. Ogasawara |author2=K. Chiba |author3=M. Tada |chapter=''Sesamum indicum'' L. (Sesame): In Vitro Culture, and the Production of Naphthoquinone and Other Secondary Metabolites |title=Medicinal and Aromatic Plants X |editor=Y. P. S. Bajaj |publisher=Springer |date=1988 |isbn=978-3-540-62727-2}}</ref><ref>''Proceedings of the Harlan Symposium'' 1997- [http://www2.bioversityinternational.org/publications/Web_version/47/begin.htm The Origins of Agriculture and Crop Domestication] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527094040/http://www2.bioversityinternational.org/publications/Web_version/47/begin.htm |date=2012-05-27 }} Retrieved 2012-06-17</ref><ref name="Bedigian-2010">{{cite book|title=Sesame: The genus ''Sesamum''|editor-last=Bedigian |editor-first=Dorothea|year=2010|page=400|isbn=978-1-4200-0520-2|publisher=CRC Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o9PLBQAAQBAJ&q=sesame+from+arabic+semsem&pg=PA400}} {{isbn|978-0-8493-3538-9}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Zohary|first1=Daniel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC&q=wild%2520sesame%2520native&pg=PA140|title=Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley|last2=Hopf|first2=Maria|date=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-850357-6|page=140|access-date=2023-09-21|archive-date=2023-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418232442/https://books.google.com/books?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC&q=wild%20sesame%20native&pg=PA140|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="Bedigian-2015">{{cite journal | last=Bedigian | first=Dorothea | title=Systematics and evolution in ''Sesamum'' L. (Pedaliaceae), part 1: Evidence regarding the origin of sesame and its closest relatives | journal=Webbia | publisher=University of Florence | volume=70 | issue=1 | date=2015-01-02 | issn=0083-7792 | doi=10.1080/00837792.2014.968457 | pages=1–42 | s2cid=85002894}}</ref>。考古學家在[[印度次大陸]]發現碳化的芝麻，推算古印度人在公元前3000年左右[[驯化]]了芝麻<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bedigian |first1=Dorothea |last2=Harlan |first2=Jack R. |date=1986 |title=Evidence for Cultivation of Sesame in the Ancient World |journal=Economic Botany |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=137–154 |doi=10.1007/BF02859136 |jstor=4254846 |s2cid=24408335 |issn=0013-0001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sesame|author=E.S. Oplinger|author2=D.H. Putnam|display-authors=etal|publisher=Purdue University|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/sesame.html|access-date=2023-09-21|archive-date=2011-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110093925/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/sesame.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>。大約在一千年後，[[印度河流域文明]]可能就已經外銷[[芝麻油]]到[[美索不达米亚]]<ref>{{Cite journal | last= Fuller | first= D.Q. | journal= Asian Agri-History | volume= 7 | number= 2 | date= 2003 | pages= 127–137 | title= Further Evidence on the Prehistory of Sesame | url= http://www.homepages.ucl.ac.uk/~tcrndfu/articles/Sesame2.pdf | access-date= 2023-09-21 | archive-date= 2023-09-13 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230913031345/http://www.homepages.ucl.ac.uk/~tcrndfu/articles/Sesame2.pdf | dead-url= no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Martha|first=T. Roth|title=The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (CAD) Volume 4, E|year=1958|isbn=978-0-91-898610-8|location=Chicago|page=106}}</ref>。在非洲，[[古埃及]]馴化芝麻的時間大約在[[新王國時期]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology |author=Serpico M |author2=White R |editor=P T Nicholson |editor2=I Shaw |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-45257-1|date=2000}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=David|first=Ann Rosalie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RulD63Y3BlAC|title=Handbook to Life in Ancient Egypt|date=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-513215-1| page=168}}</ref>，古埃及莎草紙文獻[[埃伯斯纸草卷]]將芝麻列入[[药用植物]]。[[图坦卡蒙]]陵寢的陪葬品中包括裝有芝麻的籃子，可以證明公元前1350年古埃及已經有芝麻<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Voeks|first1=Robert|title=African Ethnobotany in the Americas |last2=Rashford |first2=John|year=2013|location=Springer, New York|pages=67–123}}</ref>；後來西亞的[[烏拉爾圖]]也掌握了芝麻種植與榨油技術<ref name="esopl">{{cite web|title=Sesame|author1=E.S. Oplinger|author2=D.H. Putnam|publisher=Purdue University|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/sesame.html|display-authors=etal|access-date=2023-09-21|archive-date=2011-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110093925/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/sesame.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="Sesame Coordinators">{{cite web |author=Sesame Coordinators |title=Sesame |url=http://www.sesaco.net/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702162238/http://sesaco.net/index.htm |archive-date=2018-07-02 |access-date=2012-03-19 |publisher=Sesaco}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Book of Edible Nuts|author=Frederic Rosengarten|publisher=Dover Publications|year=2004|isbn=978-0-486-43499-5}}</ref>，也有學者主張芝麻源自[[埃塞俄比亚]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Peter |first=K.V. |title=Handbook of herbs and spices Volume 2|date=2012|page=449}}</ref>。歷史上，芝麻可以長在環境較差的土地上，不太需要額外照顧，又有抗旱、抗澇、耐高溫的特性，適合種在沙漠邊緣，因此受到農人青睞<ref name="drl2">{{cite web|title=Phenology of Sesame|author=D. Ray Langham|publisher=American Sesame Growers Association|url=http://www.sesamegrowers.org/langham144-182.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628021818/http://www.sesamegrowers.org/langham144-182.pdf|archive-date=2011-06-28}}</ref>。

在東亞，史前[[錢山漾遺址]]、[[水田畈遗址]]曾出土芝麻，而[[南北朝]]農書《[[齊民要術]]》紀載「胡麻」是[[汉朝]][[張騫]]從外國引入中國，從黃河流域傳至全國<ref>{{cite web |author1=王瑞元 |title=中国为全球芝麻产业的发展作出了重要贡献 |url=http://www.hnagri.org.cn/youzhi/article-24851.html |website=河南省农业科学院}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=何順斌 |title=中國清真烹飪 |date=2014-08 |isbn=9787501998340 |url=https://www.google.com.tw/books/edition/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E7%83%B9%E9%A3%AA/dajSDwAAQBAJ}}</ref>。在[[统一新罗]]時期，芝麻以食用油用途在[[朝鲜半岛]]大受歡迎；十世紀時，[[高麗]]由於要進貢[[芝麻油]]給中國，而進行芝麻管制<ref>{{cite web |title=Sesame in East Asia |url=https://library.culinary.edu/clarifyingbutter/eastasia |website=Conrad N. Hilton Library}}</ref>。受[[汉传佛教]]素食影響，芝麻由於有助補充營養而大量使用；即使之後[[朝鲜王朝]]崇儒排佛，芝麻依然使用至今<ref>{{cite web |author1=Deson Chon |title=Korean Cuisine and Food Culture |url=https://www.kikkoman.com/jp/kiifc/foodculture/pdf_04/e_002_006.pdf |website=[[龜甲萬]]}}</ref>。[[日本]]使用芝麻最早紀錄在[[奈良時代]]，芝麻種植用於食用、製作燈油，[[平安时代]]文獻《[[延喜式]]》紀載芝麻可藥用並製成[[和菓子]]<ref name=go2>{{cite web |url=https://www.maff.go.jp/j/heya/annai/tusin/pdf/tusin_0810.pdf |title=消費者の部屋通信 |year=2008 |author=[[農林水產省]] |access-date=2023-09-21 |archive-date=2022-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127084920/https://www.maff.go.jp/j/heya/annai/tusin/pdf/tusin_0810.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name=go1>{{cite web |url=https://allabout.co.jp/gm/gc/371373/ |author=南恵子 |title=古来からの健康食！「ごま」の種類・魅力 |date=2010-11-12 |website=All About (オールアバウト) |access-date=2023-09-21 |archive-date=2021-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025213027/https://allabout.co.jp/gm/gc/371373/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

== 用途 ==
{{营养值 | name=胡麻（干燥全粒）| kJ =2397| protein =17.73 g| fat =49.67 g| carbs =23.45 g| fiber =11.8 g| sugars =0.3 g| calcium_mg =975| iron_mg =14.55| magnesium_mg =351| phosphorus_mg =629| potassium_mg =468| sodium_mg =11| zinc_mg =7.75| manganese_mg =2.46| selenium_μg =34.4| vitC_mg =0| thiamin_mg =0.791| riboflavin_mg =0.247| niacin_mg =4.515| pantothenic_mg =0.05| vitB6_mg=0.79| folate_ug =97| choline_mg =25.6| vitB12_ug =0| vitA_ug =0| betacarotene_ug =5| lutein_ug =0| vitE_mg =0.25| vitD_iu =0| vitK_ug =0| satfat =6.957 g| monofat =18.759 g| polyfat =21.773 g| tryptophan =0.388 g| threonine =0.736 g| isoleucine =0.763 g| leucine =1.358 g| lysine =0.569 g| methionine =0.586 g| cystine =0.358 g| phenylalanine =0.94 g| tyrosine =0.743 g| valine =0.99 g| arginine =2.63 g| histidine =0.522 g| alanine =0.927 g| aspartic acid =1.646 g| glutamic acid =3.955 g| glycine =1.215 g| proline =0.81 g| serine =0.967 g| right=1 | source_usda=1 }}
芝麻的營養成份主要為[[脂肪]]、[[蛋白質]]、醣類，並含有豐富的[[纖維]]、[[卵磷脂]]、[[維生素]]B群、E與[[鎂]]、[[鉀]]、[[鋅]]及多種微量[[礦物質]]。

根據《[[本草綱目]]》，芝麻味甘、性平，是屬於強壯滋養藥物，有潤膚、補血、明目、補益精血、潤燥滑腸、生津等作用。還可降低血糖，增加肝臟及肌糖元含量，也可降低血中膽固醇含量。適合因肝腎不足所致的脫髮、皮膚乾燥、便秘、病後體虛、眩暈等症的中老年人食用。芝麻還是治療掉髮、[[痔瘡]]的食材，经常吃芝麻能使[[頭髮]]烏黑也有利于頭髮生長。《本草求真》說：“胡麻補血、暖脾、耐飢。凡須髮不烏，以投。”

芝麻籽經炒焙、磨碎即成[[芝麻酱]]；芝麻榨油即為[[芝麻油|麻油]]，混合大豆油或其他食用油脂後即為[[香油]]，同時具備芝麻氣味，且價格較低。
{{gallery
|File:Sesame oil.jpg|[[芝麻油]]
|File:HK Food Rice Noodle Roll with Sesame.JPG|[[腸粉]]加芝麻
|File:Simit-2x.JPG|{{link-en|土耳其芝麻麵包|Simit}} (Simit)
|File:Big Mac hamburger - Croatia.jpg|[[漢堡包|漢堡]]
}}

== 參見 ==
* [[麻糰]]

== 參考文獻 ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=theplantlist>[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2588550 ''Sesamum indicum'' L.]. In: ''The Plant List'' (2013). Version 1.1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ [2018-4-1]</ref>
}}

== 外部連結 ==
{{commons category|Sesame}}
{{Wikispecies|Sesamum indicum}}
* {{zh-hans}}{{CVH|Sesamum indicum}}
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200021445 ''Sesamum indicum''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200021445 |date=20060621094305 }} in ''Flora of Pakistan''
* [http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/Sesa_ind.html Katzer's Spice Pages: Sesame] {{Wayback|url=http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/Sesa_ind.html |date=20180929155544 }}
* [http://libproject.hkbu.edu.hk/was40/detail?lang=ch&channelid=1288&searchword=herb_id=D01131 芝麻 Zhima] {{Wayback|url=http://libproject.hkbu.edu.hk/was40/detail?lang=ch&channelid=1288&searchword=herb_id=D01131 |date=20220225025903 }} 藥用植物圖像數據庫 (香港浸會大學中醫藥學院) {{zh}}{{en}}
* [http://libproject.hkbu.edu.hk/was40/outline?page=1&channelid=44273&searchword=%E9%BB%91%E8%8A%9D%E9%BA%BB&sortfield=+name_chi_sort 黑芝麻 Hei Zhi Ma] {{Wayback|url=http://libproject.hkbu.edu.hk/was40/outline?page=1&channelid=44273&searchword=%E9%BB%91%E8%8A%9D%E9%BA%BB&sortfield=+name_chi_sort |date=20210222033212 }} 中藥標本數據庫 (香港浸會大學中醫藥學院) {{zh-hant}}{{en}}
* 芝麻的保健成分：[https://web.archive.org/web/20140821211110/http://www.wellness-sesamin.com.tw/ 芝麻素]功效
<gallery>
File:Ellinpoo.jpg
File:Ellinthand.jpg
file:Ellupoo.jpg
File:Sesamum indicum fructus.jpg
</gallery>

[[Category:脂麻属]]
[[Category:香料]]
[[Category:藥用植物]]
[[Category:可食用植物]]
[[Category:CYP2D6抑制剂]]