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二鋰:修订间差异

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{{NoteTA
|1=zh-cn:星际迷航; zh-tw:星艦迷航記; zh-hk:星空奇遇記;zh-hant:星艦奇航記;zh-hans:星际旅行
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| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
| Li = 2
| Li = 2
| ExactMass = 14.032008098 g mol<sup>−1</sup>
| Ground electronic state bond length = 267.29874(19)pm <ref name=LeRoy(A-X) />
| Ground electronic state dissociation energy = 8516.7800(23) cm<sup>-1</sup> <ref name=LeRoy(A-X) />
| Lowest-lying triplet state bond length = 417.0006(32)pm<br />333.7795(62)cm <sup>-1</sup> <ref name=Dattani(c-a)>{{cite journal|last=Dattani|first=N. S.|author2=R. J. Le Roy|title=A DPF data analysis yields accurate analytic potentials for Li<sub>2</sub>(a) and Li<sub>2</sub>(c) that incorporate 3-state mixing near the c-state asymptote|journal=Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy (Special Issue)|date=8 May 2013|volume=268|pages=199–210|doi=10.1016/j.jms.2011.03.030|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022285211000853#|bibcode=2011JMoSp.268..199|access-date=2014-11-18|archive-date=2018-09-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929085217/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022285211000853|dead-url=no}}</ref>
}}
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'''二鋰'''({{lang-en|'''Dilithium'''}}),又稱'''重鋰'''、'''雙鋰'''或'''雙原子[[鋰]]''',化學式Li<sub>2</sub>, 是一種強[[親電體]]的[[雙原子分子]],包含兩個鋰原子以[[共價鍵]]結合[[束縛]]在一起<ref>[http://www.chemnet.com/cas/en/14452-59-6/dilithium%28Li-Li%29.html dilithium(Li-Li)-ChemNet] {{Wayback|url=http://www.chemnet.com/cas/en/14452-59-6/dilithium%28Li-Li%29.html |date=20200820052143 }} www.chemnet.com [2014-11-18]</ref>。目前只發現[[氣態]]的二鋰。其他[[相態]]的二鋰尚未被合成也沒有被觀測到,但有在一些虛構作品中被引用,如《[[星艦迷航記|-{zh-cn:星际迷航; zh-tw:星艦迷航記; zh-hk:星空奇遇記;zh-hant:星艦奇航記;zh-hans:星际旅行}-]]》(''Star Trek'')。
'''二鋰'''({{lang-en|'''Dilithium'''}}),又稱'''重鋰'''、'''雙鋰'''或'''雙原子[[鋰]]''',化學式Li<sub>2</sub>, 是一種強[[親電體]]的[[雙原子分子]],包含兩個鋰原子以[[共價鍵]]結合[[束縛]]在一起<ref>[http://www.chemnet.com/cas/en/14452-59-6/dilithium%28Li-Li%29.html dilithium(Li-Li)-ChemNet] {{Wayback|url=http://www.chemnet.com/cas/en/14452-59-6/dilithium%28Li-Li%29.html |date=20200820052143 }} www.chemnet.com [2014-11-18]</ref>。目前只發現[[氣態]]的二鋰。其他[[相態]]的二鋰尚未被合成也沒有被觀測到,但有在一些虛構作品中被引用,如《[[星艦奇航記]]》(''Star Trek'')。


二鋰具有1的鍵序,兩個鋰原子距離為267.3&nbsp;[[皮米|pm]],[[鍵能]]為101&nbsp;kJ mol<sup>−1</sup><ref>''Chemical Bonding'', Mark J. Winter, Oxford University Press, '''1994''', ISBN 0-19-855694-2</ref>,其價[[電子組態]]為σ<sup>2</sup>。
二鋰具有1的鍵序,兩個鋰原子距離為267.3&nbsp;[[皮米|pm]],[[鍵能]]為101&nbsp;kJ mol<sup>−1</sup><ref>''Chemical Bonding'', Mark J. Winter, Oxford University Press, '''1994''', ISBN 0-19-855694-2</ref>,其價[[電子組態]]為σ<sup>2</sup>。


目前已觀測到二鋰少量的存在[[氣態]][[鋰]]中,佔的[[質量]]比約為1%,可以視為鋰的[[同素異形體]]之一,有如[[碳]]之於[[雙原子碳]]<ref name="Hoffman1995">{{cite journal| author=Roald Hoffmann| title=C2 In All Its Guises| journal=American Scientist | year=1995| volume=83| pages= 309–311}}</ref>,存在氣態碳中,但目前並未觀測到以其他[[相態]]存在的二鋰。在氣態鋰中,含有兩個以上的鋰原子[[共價鍵]]結合在一起的分子確實存在,儘管數量非常少。鋰原子其他數量的團簇也被觀測到,最常見的結構是Li<sub>6</sub>。
目前已觀測到二鋰少量的存在[[氣態]][[鋰]]中,佔的[[質量]]比約為1%{{cn}},可以視為鋰的[[同素異形體]]之一,有如[[碳]]之於[[雙原子碳]]<ref name="Hoffman1995">{{cite journal| author=Roald Hoffmann| title=C2 In All Its Guises| journal=American Scientist | year=1995| volume=83| pages= 309–311}}</ref>,存在氣態碳中,但目前並未觀測到以其他[[相態]]存在的二鋰。在氣態鋰中,含有兩個以上的鋰原子[[共價鍵]]結合在一起的分子確實存在,儘管數量非常少。鋰原子其他數量的團簇也被觀測到,最常見的結構是Li<sub>6</sub>。


在最輕穩定的中性同核雙原子分子——[[氫氣]](H<sub>2</sub>)之後,鋰是在[[物理]]、[[化學]]和[[電子結構理]]論研究上一種非常重要模型系統的基礎。它是在[[電子態]]經驗勢能曲線的準確性和完整性方面最徹底的特例[[化合物]]。目前實證分析勢能曲線是由[[滑鐵盧大學]]的羅伯特·J·勒羅伊教授和[[牛津大學]]的Nikesh S. Dattani教授構建的X-state<ref name=LeRoy(A-X)>{{cite journal|last=Le Roy|first=Robert J.|author2=N. S. Dattani |author3=J. A. Coxon |author4=A. J. Ross |author5=Patrick Crozet |author6=C. Linton |title=Accurate analytic potentials for Li<sub>2</sub>(X) and Li<sub>2</sub>(A) from 2 to 90 Angstroms, and the radiative lifetime of Li(2p)|journal=Journal of Chemical Physics|date=25 November 2009|volume=131|issue=20|page=204309|doi=10.1063/1.3264688|bibcode=2009JChPh.131t4309L}}</ref>、a-state<ref name=Dattani(c-a) />、A-state<ref name=Gunton(A-X)>W. Gunton, M. Semczuk, N. S. Dattani, K. W. Madison, ''High resolution photoassociation spectroscopy of the <sup>6</sup>Li<sub>2</sub> A-state'', http://arxiv.org/abs/1309.5870 {{Wayback|url=http://arxiv.org/abs/1309.5870 |date=20190810141348 }}</ref>、c-state<ref name=Semczuk(c-a)>{{cite journal|first1=M.|last1=Semczuk|first2=X.|last2=Li|first3=W.|last3=Gunton|first4=M.|last4=Haw|first5=N. S.|last5=Dattani|first6=J.|last6=Witz|first7=A. K.|last7=Mills|first8=D. J.|last8=Jones|first9=K. W.|last9=Madison|title=High-resolution photoassociation spectroscopy of the <sup>6</sup>Li<sub>2</sub> c-state|journal=Phys. Rev. A|year=2013|volume=87|issue=5|pages=052505|doi=10.1103/PhysRevA.87.052505|url=http://pra.aps.org/abstract/PRA/v87/i5/e052505|displayauthors=29|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20131129172515/http://pra.aps.org/abstract/PRA/v87/i5/e052505|archivedate=2013-11-29|access-date=2014-11-18}}</ref>、B-state<ref name=Huang(B)>{{cite journal|last=Huang|first=Yiye|author2=R. J. Le Roy|title=Potential energy Lambda double and Born-Oppenheimer breakdown functions for the B<sup>1</sup>Pi<sub>u</sub> "barrier" state of Li<sub>2</sub>|journal=Journal of Chemical Physics|date=8 October 2003|volume=119|issue=14|pages=7398–7416|doi=10.1063/1.1607313|bibcode=2003JChPh.119.7398H}}</ref>、2d-state<ref name=Li(l,d)>{{cite journal|last=Li|first=Dan|author2=F. Xie|author3=L. Li|author4=A. Lazoudis|author5=A. M. Lyyra|title=New observation of the, 13Δg, and 23Πg states and molecular constants with all <sup>6</sup>Li<sub>2</sub>, <sup>7</sup>Li<sub>2</sub>, and <sup>6</sup>Li<sup>7</sup>Li data|journal=Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy|date=29 September 2007|volume=246|issue=2|pages=180–186|doi=10.1016/j.jms.2007.09.008|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022285207002305|bibcode=2007JMoSp.246..180L|access-date=2014-11-18|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154217/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022285207002305|dead-url=no}}</ref>、和l-state<ref name=Li(l,d) />、E-state<ref name=Jastrzebski(E)>{{cite journal|last=Jastrzebski|first=W|author2=A. Pashov |author3=P. Kowalczyk |title=The E-state of lithium dimer revised|journal=Journal of Chemical Physics|date=22 June 2001|volume=114|issue=24|pages=10725–10727|doi=10.1063/1.1374927|bibcode=2001JChPh.11410725J}}</ref>還有F-state<ref name=Pashov(F)>{{cite journal|last=Pashov|first=A|author2=W. Jastzebski |author3=P. Kowalczyk |title=The Li<sub>2</sub> F "shelf" state: Accurate potential energy curve based on the inverted perturbation approach|journal=Journal of Chemical Physics|date=22 October 2000|volume=113|issue=16|pages=6624–6628|doi=10.1063/1.1311297|bibcode=2000JChPh.113.6624P}}</ref>為主,但最可靠的分析勢能曲線則是Morse/Long-range的版本。
在最輕穩定的中性同核雙原子分子——[[氫氣]](H<sub>2</sub>)之後,鋰是在[[物理]]、[[化學]]和[[電子結構理]]論研究上一種非常重要模型系統的基礎。它是在[[電子態]]經驗勢能曲線的準確性和完整性方面最徹底的特例[[化合物]]。目前實證分析勢能曲線是由[[滑鐵盧大學]]的羅伯特·J·勒羅伊教授和[[牛津大學]]的Nikesh S. Dattani教授構建的X-state<ref name=LeRoy(A-X)>{{cite journal|last=Le Roy|first=Robert J.|author2=N. S. Dattani |author3=J. A. Coxon |author4=A. J. Ross |author5=Patrick Crozet |author6=C. Linton |title=Accurate analytic potentials for Li<sub>2</sub>(X) and Li<sub>2</sub>(A) from 2 to 90 Angstroms, and the radiative lifetime of Li(2p)|journal=Journal of Chemical Physics|date=25 November 2009|volume=131|issue=20|page=204309|doi=10.1063/1.3264688|bibcode=2009JChPh.131t4309L}}</ref>、a-state<ref name=Dattani(c-a)>{{cite journal|last=Dattani|first=N. S.|author2=R. J. Le Roy|title=A DPF data analysis yields accurate analytic potentials for Li<sub>2</sub>(a)and Li<sub>2</sub>(c) that incorporate 3-state mixing near the c-state asymptote|journal=Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy |date=8 May 2013|volume=268|issue=1–2|pages=199–210|doi=10.1016/j.jms.2011.03.030|bibcode= 2011JMoSp.268..199.|arxiv = 1101.1361 }}</ref>、A-state<ref name=Gunton(A-X)>W. Gunton, M. Semczuk, N. S. Dattani, K. W. Madison, ''High resolution photoassociation spectroscopy of the <sup>6</sup>Li<sub>2</sub> A-state'', http://arxiv.org/abs/1309.5870 {{Wayback|url=http://arxiv.org/abs/1309.5870 |date=20190810141348 }}</ref>、c-state<ref name=Semczuk(c-a)>{{cite journal|first1=M.|last1=Semczuk|first2=X.|last2=Li|first3=W.|last3=Gunton|first4=M.|last4=Haw|first5=N. S.|last5=Dattani|first6=J.|last6=Witz|first7=A. K.|last7=Mills|first8=D. J.|last8=Jones|first9=K. W.|last9=Madison|title=High-resolution photoassociation spectroscopy of the <sup>6</sup>Li<sub>2</sub> c-state|journal=Phys. Rev. A|year=2013|volume=87|issue=5|pages=052505|doi=10.1103/PhysRevA.87.052505|url=http://pra.aps.org/abstract/PRA/v87/i5/e052505|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20131129172515/http://pra.aps.org/abstract/PRA/v87/i5/e052505|archivedate=2013-11-29|access-date=2014-11-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20131129172515/http://pra.aps.org/abstract/PRA/v87/i5/e052505 |date=2013-11-29 }}</ref>、B-state<ref name=Huang(B)>{{cite journal|last=Huang|first=Yiye|author2=R. J. Le Roy|title=Potential energy Lambda double and Born-Oppenheimer breakdown functions for the B<sup>1</sup>Pi<sub>u</sub> "barrier" state of Li<sub>2</sub>|journal=Journal of Chemical Physics|date=8 October 2003|volume=119|issue=14|pages=7398–7416|doi=10.1063/1.1607313|bibcode=2003JChPh.119.7398H}}</ref>、2d-state<ref name=Li(l,d)>{{cite journal|last=Li|first=Dan|author2=F. Xie|author3=L. Li|author4=A. Lazoudis|author5=A. M. Lyyra|title=New observation of the, 13Δg, and 23Πg states and molecular constants with all <sup>6</sup>Li<sub>2</sub>, <sup>7</sup>Li<sub>2</sub>, and <sup>6</sup>Li<sup>7</sup>Li data|journal=Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy|date=29 September 2007|volume=246|issue=2|pages=180–186|doi=10.1016/j.jms.2007.09.008|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022285207002305|bibcode=2007JMoSp.246..180L|access-date=2014-11-18|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154217/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022285207002305|dead-url=no}} {{Wayback|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022285207002305 |date=20150924154217 }}</ref>、和l-state<ref name=Li(l,d) />、E-state<ref name=Jastrzebski(E)>{{cite journal|last=Jastrzebski|first=W|author2=A. Pashov |author3=P. Kowalczyk |title=The E-state of lithium dimer revised|journal=Journal of Chemical Physics|date=22 June 2001|volume=114|issue=24|pages=10725–10727|doi=10.1063/1.1374927|bibcode=2001JChPh.11410725J}}</ref>還有F-state<ref name=Pashov(F)>{{cite journal|last=Pashov|first=A|author2=W. Jastzebski |author3=P. Kowalczyk |title=The Li<sub>2</sub> F "shelf" state: Accurate potential energy curve based on the inverted perturbation approach|journal=Journal of Chemical Physics|date=22 October 2000|volume=113|issue=16|pages=6624–6628|doi=10.1063/1.1311297|bibcode=2000JChPh.113.6624P}}</ref>為主,但最可靠的分析勢能曲線則是Morse/Long-range的版本。


== 圖表 ==
== 圖表 ==
第59行: 第58行:
| 7 || E || 3(?)<sup>1</sup>Σ<sub>g</sub><sup>+</sup> || || || || || <ref name=Jastrzebski(E) />
| 7 || E || 3(?)<sup>1</sup>Σ<sub>g</sub><sup>+</sup> || || || || || <ref name=Jastrzebski(E) />
|}
|}

== 在大眾文化中 ==
== 在大眾文化中 ==
=== 星艦迷航記 ===
=== 星艦迷航記 ===

2024年1月21日 (日) 12:13的最新版本

二鋰
IUPAC名
Dilithium[來源請求]
识别
CAS号 14452-59-6  checkY
PubChem 139759
ChemSpider 123254
SMILES
 
  • [Li][Li]
性质
化学式 Li2
摩尔质量 13.88 g·mol−1
若非注明,所有数据均出自标准状态(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。

二鋰(英語:Dilithium),又稱重鋰雙鋰雙原子,化學式Li2, 是一種強親電體雙原子分子,包含兩個鋰原子以共價鍵結合束縛在一起[1]。目前只發現氣態的二鋰。其他相態的二鋰尚未被合成也沒有被觀測到,但有在一些虛構作品中被引用,如《星艦奇航記》(Star Trek)。

二鋰具有1的鍵序,兩個鋰原子距離為267.3 pm鍵能為101 kJ mol−1[2],其價電子組態為σ2

目前已觀測到二鋰少量的存在氣態中,佔的質量比約為1%[來源請求],可以視為鋰的同素異形體之一,有如之於雙原子碳[3],存在氣態碳中,但目前並未觀測到以其他相態存在的二鋰。在氣態鋰中,含有兩個以上的鋰原子共價鍵結合在一起的分子確實存在,儘管數量非常少。鋰原子其他數量的團簇也被觀測到,最常見的結構是Li6

在最輕穩定的中性同核雙原子分子——氫氣(H2)之後,鋰是在物理化學電子結構理論研究上一種非常重要模型系統的基礎。它是在電子態經驗勢能曲線的準確性和完整性方面最徹底的特例化合物。目前實證分析勢能曲線是由滑鐵盧大學的羅伯特·J·勒羅伊教授和牛津大學的Nikesh S. Dattani教授構建的X-state[4]、a-state[5]、A-state[6]、c-state[7]、B-state[8]、2d-state[9]、和l-state[9]、E-state[10]還有F-state[11]為主,但最可靠的分析勢能曲線則是Morse/Long-range的版本。

圖表

[编辑]
電子組態
能階
光譜符號 分子術語符號英语Molecular term symbol 鍵長pm 離解能 (cm−1 #鍵的振動能級 散射長度 參考文獻
基態 X 11Σg+ 267.298 74(19)[4] 8 516.780 0(23)[4] 39[4] [4]
2 a 13Σu+ 417.000 6(32)[5] 333.779 5(62)[5] 11[5] [5]
3 b 13Πu [9]
4 A 11Σg+ 310.792 88(36)[4] 9 353.179 5 (28)[4] 118[4] [4]
5 c 13Σg+ 306.543 6(16)[5] 7093.4926(86)[5] 104[5]
6 B 11Πu 293.617 142(310)[8] 298 4.444[8] 118[8]
7 E 3(?)1Σg+ [10]

在大眾文化中

[编辑]

星艦迷航記

[编辑]

在《星艦迷航記》中,太空飛船超光速旅行的曲速引擎就得用到二鋰(Dilithium)礦結晶。二鋰能夠在高溫和高電磁場下控制物質-反物質反應。銀河系中只有少數星球有二鋰礦,因此這是一種稀少珍貴的資源。在現實生活中,二鋰(Dilithium)的確存在,指的是兩個鋰原子以共價鍵連接的分子。

參見

[编辑]

參考文獻

[编辑]
  1. ^ dilithium(Li-Li)-ChemNet页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) www.chemnet.com [2014-11-18]
  2. ^ Chemical Bonding, Mark J. Winter, Oxford University Press, 1994, ISBN 0-19-855694-2
  3. ^ Roald Hoffmann. C2 In All Its Guises. American Scientist. 1995, 83: 309–311. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Le Roy, Robert J.; N. S. Dattani; J. A. Coxon; A. J. Ross; Patrick Crozet; C. Linton. Accurate analytic potentials for Li2(X) and Li2(A) from 2 to 90 Angstroms, and the radiative lifetime of Li(2p). Journal of Chemical Physics. 25 November 2009, 131 (20): 204309. Bibcode:2009JChPh.131t4309L. doi:10.1063/1.3264688. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 Dattani, N. S.; R. J. Le Roy. A DPF data analysis yields accurate analytic potentials for Li2(a)and Li2(c) that incorporate 3-state mixing near the c-state asymptote. Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 8 May 2013, 268 (1–2): 199–210. Bibcode:2011JMoSp.268..199.. arXiv:1101.1361可免费查阅. doi:10.1016/j.jms.2011.03.030. 
  6. ^ W. Gunton, M. Semczuk, N. S. Dattani, K. W. Madison, High resolution photoassociation spectroscopy of the 6Li2 A-state, http://arxiv.org/abs/1309.5870页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  7. ^ Semczuk, M.; Li, X.; Gunton, W.; Haw, M.; Dattani, N. S.; Witz, J.; Mills, A. K.; Jones, D. J.; Madison, K. W. High-resolution photoassociation spectroscopy of the 6Li2 c-state. Phys. Rev. A. 2013, 87 (5): 052505 [2014-11-18]. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.87.052505. (原始内容存档于2013-11-29).  Archive.is存檔,存档日期2013-11-29
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Huang, Yiye; R. J. Le Roy. Potential energy Lambda double and Born-Oppenheimer breakdown functions for the B1Piu "barrier" state of Li2. Journal of Chemical Physics. 8 October 2003, 119 (14): 7398–7416. Bibcode:2003JChPh.119.7398H. doi:10.1063/1.1607313. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Li, Dan; F. Xie; L. Li; A. Lazoudis; A. M. Lyyra. New observation of the, 13Δg, and 23Πg states and molecular constants with all 6Li2, 7Li2, and 6Li7Li data. Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 29 September 2007, 246 (2): 180–186 [2014-11-18]. Bibcode:2007JMoSp.246..180L. doi:10.1016/j.jms.2007.09.008. (原始内容存档于2015-09-24). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Jastrzebski, W; A. Pashov; P. Kowalczyk. The E-state of lithium dimer revised. Journal of Chemical Physics. 22 June 2001, 114 (24): 10725–10727. Bibcode:2001JChPh.11410725J. doi:10.1063/1.1374927. 
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