ka- -an

Etymology

From Proto-Austronesian *ka- -an, compare kina- -an, Tagalog ka- -an, Malay ke- -an. Compare ka-, and -an.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ka an/

Circumfix

ka- -an (Badlit spelling ᜃ ᜀᜈ᜔ or ᜃ ᜀᜈ᜔)

1. (added to inanimate nouns) indicates a place where such objects are found

   Synonyms: -an, -anan

   ‎sagbot (“grass, weed”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kasagbotan (“grassland”)

   ‎saging (“banana”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kasagingan (“banana plantation”)

2. (added to nouns) forms collective nouns

   ‎tawo (“human”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎katawhan (“people”)

   ‎dagat (“sea”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kadagatan (“seas (collectively)”)

   1. forms proper nouns indicating a domain of a people or place

      ‎Bisaya (“Visayan people”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎Kabisay-an (“Visayas region”)

   2. forms numerals that are multiples of ten

      ‎duha (“two”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kaluhaan (“twenty”)

3. (added to adjectives or verbs) forms abstract nouns

   Synonyms: ka-, pagka-, ka- -on

   ‎batan-on (“young”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kabatan-onan (“youth”)

   ‎husay (“orderly”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kahusayan (“peace, resolution”)

   ‎daog (“to win”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kadaogan (“victory”)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ka an/

Etymology 1

Etymology 2

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

• (Standard Kankanaey) IPA^(key): /ka an/ [k̠ʌ ʌn]
• Rhymes: -an
• Syllabification: ka- -an

Circumfix

ka- -an

1. used to form proper nouns indicating a domain of a people or place

   ‎Igorot (“Igorot”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎Kaigorotan (“the Igorots, Igorot village”)

   ‎Baguio (“Baguio”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎Kabaguioan (“the people of Baguio, the area of Baguio”)

   ‎Maynila (“Manila”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎Kamaynilaan (“the people of Manila, the area of Manila”)

2. used to form nouns indicating a reciprocal relation

   ‎badang (“help”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kabadangan (“helper”)

   ‎inom (“drink”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kainoman (“group of people with whom to drink”)

   ‎turog (“sleep”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎katurogan (“group of people with whom to sleep”)

3. used to form nouns indicating the time period wherein it is about to happen

   ‎mangan (“help”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kamanganan (“about time to eat”)

   ‎bisin (“help”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kabisinan (“about to be hungry”)

   ‎riing (“wake up”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kariingan (“about to wake up”)

4. used to form nouns indicating the location where it happened

   ‎sitek (“dirty”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kasitekan (“dirty place”)

   ‎taray (“run”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎katarayan (“the place where [the subject] ran”)

   ‎pukaw (“steal”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kapukawan (“the place where [the subject] was stolen”)

5. used to form nouns indicating the act of doing the action expressed by the root, or the manner in which the action expressed by the root is performed

   ‎natey (“death”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kanateyan (“cause of death”)

   ‎suro (“teach”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kasuroan (“the act of teaching”)

   ‎aramid (“do”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kaaramidan (“the act of doing, creating”)

6. used to form the superlative degree of an adjective

   ‎laing (“wise”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kalaingan (“wisest”)

   ‎kulit (“naughty”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kakulitan (“naughtiest”)

   ‎bangsit (“smelly”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kabangsitan (“smelliest”)

References

• Jervera C. Domogen (2022 June 21) “The Philippine Kankanaey -An Morpheme”, in IOER International Multidisciplinary Research Journal‎, volume 4, number 2, →DOI, pages 307-316

Alternative forms

• ca- -an — obsolete, Spanish-based orthography
• ka- -han
• ka- -nan

Etymology

From Proto-Austronesian *ka- -an (compare Malay ke- -an).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /ka an/ [kɐ ɐn̪]
• Rhymes: -an
• Syllabification: ka- -an

Circumfix

ka- -an (Baybayin spelling ᜃ ◌ᜈ᜔ or ᜃ ᜀᜈ᜔)

1. used to form abstract nouns

   ‎payapa (“peaceful”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kapayapaan (“peace”)

   ‎malay (“awareness”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kamalayan (“consciousness”)

2. used to form nouns indicating a larger location

   ‎gubat (“woods”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kagubatan (“forest”)

   ‎dagat (“sea”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎karagatan (“ocean”)

3. used to form proper nouns indicating a domain of a people or place

   ‎Tagalog (“Tagalog”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎Katagalugan (“Tagalog area”)

   ‎Bisaya (“Visayan”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎Kabisayaan (“Visayas; Visayan area”)

   ‎Maynila (“Manila”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎Kamaynilaan (“Metro Manila; Manila area”)

4. used to form words meaning “one who receives or (-an) from someone (ka-)”

   ‎ibig (“love”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kaibigan (“friend; person who receives love from someone; lover”)

   ‎halik (“kiss”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kahalikan (“person who receives kisses from someone; kissing-mate”)

Anagrams

• Kana, naka-, kana, anak