ri

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ri"

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Etymology

From the McCune-Reischauer romanization of Korean 리 (ri), from Mandarin Chinese 里 (lǐ).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɹiː/
Audio (Southern England): (file)
Rhymes: -iː

Noun

ri (plural ris or li)

(Units of measure) Synonym of li as a Korean unit of distance equivalent to about 393 m.
(music) The solfeggio syllable used to indicate the sharp of the second note of a major scale, enharmonic to me.

Anagrams

IR, Ir., ir-

Etymology

From Proto-Albanian *(h)eríja- 'of this time, from this time, presently, of now > new, recent', a derivative of Alb. herë '(one) time, hour' etc., which is an old loan-word from Latin hōra 'time, hour' etc.; the Albanian substantive is historically not compatible with a reconstruction Proto-Indo-European *h₁r̥wo-, zero-grade of *h₁orwo- (compare Old English earu (“quick”), Tocharian B ārwer (“ready”), Avestan 𐬀𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬥𐬙 (aruuant, “quick, brave”)), as has been proposed in the literature. According to R. Matasovic (A grammatical sketch of Albanian for students of Indo-European. Zadar 2018), the etymology of the adjective is controversial and has no accepted source or from substrate.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ɾi]

Adjective

i ri (feminine e re, masculine plural të rinj, feminine plural të reja)

young
një vajzë e re
a young girl
new
filma të rinj
new movies

References

Neri, Sergio, Article ri (i), re (e) in: Bardhyl Demiraj, Olav Hackstein, Sergio Neri und Ania Omari. DPEWA, Digitales Philologisch-Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altalbanischen“ (15.-18. Jh.), München 2018-2021 (https://www.dpwa.gwi.uni-muenchen.de/dictionary/?lemmaid=14385)

Noun

ri

(Mpakwithi) excrement

References

Terry Crowley, The Mpakwithi dialect of Anguthimri (1981), page 188

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *rīxs, from Proto-Brythonic *rrix, cognate Gaulish *rīx.

Noun

ri (plural riow)

king

References

Whalley, Neil (2015), Geryadour Cumbraek

Alternative forms

rau

Etymology

From Latin reus. Compare Italian rio, Romanian rău.

Adjective

ri (feminine raja)

bad

Etymology

From Middle Low German rigen (“to put in folds”), from or related to Old Saxon rekkian (“to extend”). Distantly related to Old Norse rekja (“to unfold, unwind”), hence a doublet of række (“to reach”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /riː/, [ʁiːˀ]

Verb

ri (imperative ri, present rir or rier, past riede, past participle riet)

baste, tack (to sew with wide stitches to temporarily fasten pieces of cloth)

Derived terms

rining

English Wikipedia has an article on:

ri (pronoun)

Wikipedia

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ri]
Audio: (file)
Hyphenation: ri

Pronoun

ri (accusative rin, possessive ria)

(gender-neutral, nonstandard) they (singular). A gender-neutral singular third-person personal pronoun.
- 1997, Liland Brajant ROS', “Pri Sennaciistaj postulatoj”, in soc.culture.esperanto‎ (Usenet):
  Kial gravas, kiu ri estas?
  Why is it important, who they are?
- 2006, “Maldormemo mia”, in Eksenlime, performed by La Perdita Generacio:
  Najbaro laboranta en la sama laborejo / En la bela domo ri ne pentras plu
  A neighbor working in the same workplace / In the beautiful house they don't paint anymore
- 2014, Roland Bonkorpa, “Fiinsulo”, in Beletra Almanako, number 21, New York, N.Y.: Mondial, →ISBN, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 32:
  Ri estis la plej pacienca kaj inteligenta hundo, kiun mi iam renkontis.
  They were the most patient and intelligent dog I had ever met.

Usage notes

In 1976, the gender-neutral pronoun ri was presented for the first time alongside the pronouns li (he) and ŝi (she). Until about 2010, it remained a seldom used experimental word, but after 2010 its use has increased significantly, especially in youth circles in Western countries. Comparable to English epicene pronouns. Also read about gender reform in Esperanto. Alternatives include expanding the use of the demonstrative pronoun tiu (“that one”) or using the similarly proscribed ŝli.

Synonyms

(neologism, non standard) ŝli

Holonyms

li (“he”)
ŝi (“she”)

Derived terms

riismo (“ri-ism”)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ʁi/
Audio (Paris): (file)

Participle

ri (feminine rie, masculine plural ris, feminine plural ries)

past participle of rire

Verb

ri

inflection of rir:
1. third-person singular present indicative
2. second-person singular imperative
(reintegrationist norm) inflection of rir:

Etymology

From Portuguese rir. Cognate with Kabuverdianu ri.

Verb

ri

to laugh

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /rìː/
- (Standard Kano Hausa) IPA^(key): [rìː]

Ideophone

r̃ī̀

people or animals moving as a group

Pronunciation

(inherent tone): IPA^(key): /rí/

Verb

ri

to eat, to absorb.
Ha na-eri nri.
They are eating food.
- 2019, Bịabụlụ Nsọ nʼIgbo Ndị Ugbu a, Biblica Inc., Luke 24:43:
  O we nara ya, rie n'iru ha.
  He then took it and ate it in front of them.
to acquire.

Adjective

ri m

masculine plural of rio

Anagrams

ir-

Romanization

ri

The hiragana syllable り (ri) or the katakana syllable リ (ri) in Hepburn romanization.

Romanization

ri

Romanization of ꦫꦶ

Etymology

From Portuguese rir.

Verb

ri

to laugh

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɹi/

Particle

ri

Turns the preceding word into an accusative.

References

Hkaw Luk (2017) A grammatical sketch of Lacid‎, Chiang Mai: Payap University (master thesis)

Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *di, from Proto-Austronesian *di.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ri]

Preposition

ri (Lontara spelling ᨑᨗ)

general preposition (in, at, to etc.)

Romanization

ri

Nonstandard spelling of rī.
Nonstandard spelling of rì.

Usage notes

Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

Noun

ri

woman

References

transnewguinea.org, citing D. C. Laycock, Languages of the Lumi Subdistrict (West Sepik District), New Guinea (1968), Oceanic Linguistics, 7 (1): 36-66

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /riː/

Etymology 1

From Old Norse hríð.

Noun

ri (definite singular, indefinite plural, definite plural)

attack, sudden pain or mood
a short while

Etymology 2

From Old Norse ríða.

Alternative forms

ride

Verb

ri (imperative ri, present tense rir, simple past red or rei, past participle ridd, present participle riende)

to ride (an animal, e.g. a horse)

References

“ri” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /riː/

Etymology 1

From Old Norse hríð.

Alternative forms

rid (non-standard since 1938)

Noun

ri f (definite singular ria, indefinite plural rier, definite plural riene)

Derived terms

angstri
frostri
føderi
hosteri
uvêrsri

Etymology 2

From Old Norse ríða, from Proto-Germanic *rīdaną.

Alternative forms

rida, ride

Verb

ri (present tense rir, past tense rei, past participle ridd or ridt or ride, present participle ridande, imperative ri)

to ride (an animal)

Related terms

reia, reie

References

“ri” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Anagrams

ir

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ri/

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *duʀi, from Proto-Austronesian *duʀi

Noun

ri

thorn
thorny plant

Alternative forms

rwi
hri, ĕri

Descendants

Javanese: ꦫꦶ (ri)

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *di, from Proto-Austronesian *di. Compare Makasar ri (ᨑᨗ).

Particle

ri

prepositional particle

Alternative forms

i

Derived terms

iṅ
riṅ

Descendants

Javanese: ꦫꦶ (ri)

Pronunciation

(Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈʁi/ [ˈhi]
- (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /ˈʁi/ [ˈχi]

(Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈʁi/

Rhymes: -i

Verb

ri

inflection of rir:

Etymology

From Middle Irish fri (“towards, against”), from Old Irish fri. Cognates include Irish fré and Manx rish.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɾʲi/
(Lewis) IPA^(key): [ði]

Preposition

ri (+ dative, no mutation, before the definite article ris)

to, against, with
ris a' ghaoith ― against the wind
up
chaidh iad ris an leathad ― they went up the hillside
as (with cho)
Tha Seòras cho righinn ri ròn. ― George is as tough as nails. (literally, “George is as tough as a seal.”)
Used with a noun or verbal noun to express up to or involved in
Bha a' chlann sin ri mì-mhodh. ― Those children were up to no good.

Bha i an urra ris an losgadh anns a' Chròthais beagan bhliadhnachan an dèidh cogadh Iugoslabhach. ― She was responsible for the shooting in Croatia a few years after the Yugoslav War.

Usage notes

In the Lewis dialect, ri is used instead of ag or a' before a verbal noun to form present participles:
tha mi ri seinn ― I am singing (As opposed to tha mi a' seinn, which has the same meaning.)
Followed by a prepositional pronoun takes a passive voice meaning:
Tha na h-eòin tarraingeach rin amharc. ― The birds are attractive to watch. (literally, “The birds are attractive to their watching.”)

Inflection

More information Person:, simple ...

Personal inflection of ri
	Person:		simple	emphatic
singular	first		rium	riumsa
	second		riut	riutsa
	third	m	ris	ris-san
	third	f	rithe	rithese

plural	first		rinn	rinne
	second		ribh	ribhse
	third		riutha	riuthasan

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Derived terms

Romanization

ri

Romanization of 𒊑 (ri)

Etymology

From Old Chinese 里 (*rɯʔ). Cognate with Tocharian B rīye.^[1]

Noun

ri

city

References

[1]
2003, Alexander Lubotsky, Sergey Starostin, “Turkic and Chinese loan words in Tocharian”, in Bauer, Brigitte L.M., Pinault, Georges-Jean, editors, Language in Time and Space: A Festschrift for Werner Winter on the Occasion of his 80th Birthday, pages 257-269:

Noun

ri

Pronunciation

(Hà Nội) IPA^(key): [zi˧˧]
(Huế) IPA^(key): [ʐɪj˧˧]
(Saigon) IPA^(key): [ɹɪj˧˧]

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Adjective

ri • (𱓜)

(now chiefly in compounds, of stature) small; miniature

Etymology 2

Part of the r-series of demonstratives, along with rày, rứa, ru, sao.

Adverb

ri • (夷, 𱓜)

(Central Vietnam) like this
Ao ni su ri.
This pond is so deep.

Noun

ri

Soft mutation of rhi.

Mutation

More information radical, soft ...

Mutated forms of *rhi*
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
rhi	ri	unchanged	unchanged

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Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɾí/

Noun

rí

The name of the Latin-script letter R/r.

Etymology 2

Proposed to derive from Proto-Yoruboid *lí, cognate with Igala lí

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɾí/

Verb

rí

(transitive) to see
(intransitive) to look like

Synonyms

More information Yoruba Varieties and Languages - rí (“to see”), Language Family ...

Yoruba Varieties and Languages - rí (“to see”)
view map; edit data
Language Family	Variety Group	Variety/Language	Subdialect	Location	Words
Proto-Itsekiri-SEY	Southeast Yoruba	Ào		Ìdóàní	rí
		Ìdànrè (Ùdànè, Ùdànrè)		Ìdànrè (Ùdànè, Ùdànrè)	í
		Ìjẹ̀bú	Ìjẹ̀bú	Ìjẹ̀bú Òde	rí
			Rẹ́mọ	Ẹ̀pẹ́	rí
				Ìkòròdú	rí
				Ṣágámù	rí
		Ìkálẹ̀ (Ùkálẹ̀)		Òkìtìpupa	rí
		Ìlàjẹ (Ùlàjẹ)		Mahin	rí
		Oǹdó		Oǹdó	í
		Usẹn		Usẹn	rí
	Ìtsẹkírì			Ìwẹrẹ	rí
Proto-Yoruba	Central Yoruba	Èkìtì	Èkìtì	Àdó Èkìtì	rí
			Àkúrẹ́	Àkúrẹ́	rí
			Mọ̀bà	Ọ̀tùn Èkìtì	rí
		Ifẹ̀ (Ufẹ̀)		Ilé Ifẹ̀ (Ulé Ufẹ̀)	rí
		Ìjẹ̀ṣà (Ùjẹ̀ṣà)		Iléṣà (Uléṣà)	rí
	Northwest Yoruba	Àwórì		Èbúté Mẹ́tà	rí
		Ẹ̀gbá		Abẹ́òkúta	rí
		Ẹ̀gbádò		Ìjàká	rí
		Èkó		Èkó	rí
		Ìbàdàn		Ìbàdàn	rí
		Ìbàràpá		Igbó Òrà	rí
		Ìbọ̀lọ́		Òṣogbo (Òsogbo)	rí
		Ìgbómìnà		Ìlá Ọ̀ràngún	rí
				Ìfẹ́lódùn LGA	rí
				Ìrẹ́pọ̀dùn LGA	rí
				Ìsin LGA	rí
		Ìlọrin		Ìlọrin	rí
		Oǹkó		Òtù	rí
				Ìwéré Ilé	rí
				Òkèhò	rí
				Ìsẹ́yìn	rí
				Ṣakí	rí
				Tedé	rí
				Ìgbẹ́tì	rí
		Ọ̀yọ́		Ọ̀yọ́	rí
		Standard Yorùbá		Nàìjíríà	rí
		Standard Yorùbá		Bɛ̀nɛ̀	rí
	Northeast Yoruba/Okun	Ìyàgbà		Ìsánlú Ìtẹ̀dó	rí
	Northeast Yoruba/Okun	Owé		Kabba	rí
	Ede Languages/Southwest Yoruba	Ana		Sokode	rí
		Ǹcà (Ìcà, Ìncà)		Baàtɛ	rí
		Ìdàácà	Benin	Igbó Ìdàácà (Dasa Zunmɛ̀)	rí
		Ọ̀họ̀rí/Ɔ̀hɔ̀rí-Ìjè	Ọ̀họ̀rí/Ɔ̀hɔ̀rí/Ìjè	Onigbolo	rí
		Ifɛ̀		Akpáré	rí
				Atakpamɛ	rí
				Boko	rí
				Moretan	rí
				Tchetti (Tsɛti, Cɛti)	rí
		Kura		Awotébi	lí
		Kura		Partago	rí
		Northern Nago		Kambole	í
		Northern Nago		Manigri	í
Note: This amalgamation of terms comes from a number of different academic papers focused on the unique varieties and languages spoken in the Yoruboid dialectal continuum which extends from eastern Togo to southern Nigeria. The terms for spoken varieties, now deemed dialects of Yorùbá in Nigeria (i.e. Southeast Yorùbá, Northwest Yorùbá, Central Yorùbá, and Northeast Yorùbá), have converged with those of Standard Yorùbá leading to the creation of what can be labeled Common Yorùbá (Funṣọ Akere, 1977). It can be assumed that the Standard Yorùbá term can also be used in most Nigerian varieties alongside native terms, especially amongst younger speakers. This does not apply to the other Nigerian Yoruboid languages of Ìṣẹkírì and Olùkùmi, nor the Èdè Languages of Benin and Togo.

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Derived terms

ríran

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

(low-tone): IPA^(key): /ɾì/
(mid-tone): IPA^(key): /ɾī/

Verb

rì

(intransitive) to sink, to drown
(transitive) to sink

Verb

ri

Alternative form of rì (“to sink”) used before object nouns

Etymology

From Proto-Iranian *rauda- (“appearance”) (with semantic shift "growth, development" > "appearance"), from Proto-Iranian *Hraud- (“to grow (bigger)”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁lewdʰ- (“to grow”).^[1]^[2]

Cognate with Persian (rû, “face”), Northern Kurdish rû (“face”), etc.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈɾi]
Hyphenation: ri

Noun

ri

face

References

[1]
Edelʹman, D. I. (2020) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume 6, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 402
[2]
Cheung, Johnny (2007) Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 193

[1] [1]
2003, Alexander Lubotsky, Sergey Starostin, “Turkic and Chinese loan words in Tocharian”, in Bauer, Brigitte L.M., Pinault, Georges-Jean, editors, Language in Time and Space: A Festschrift for Werner Winter on the Occasion of his 80th Birthday, pages 257-269:

[ESIJa-raud1-2] [1]
Edelʹman, D. I. (2020) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume 6, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 402

[3] [2]
Cheung, Johnny (2007) Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 193

[1]

[1]

[2]

Visibility/evidentiality⁶
	Proximal (*-iː)	Distal 1 (*-iːʔ)	Distal 2 (*-əːʔ)	Distal 3/ Remote (*-ɔːʔ)	Interrogative (rime was a rounded back vowel)
Place, attributive¹ n-	ni nì này/nầy nây	nấy	nớ	nọ (nó)	nào
Place, nominal² đ-	đây	đấy (ấy)	—	đó	đâu
Manner r-	ri rày	—	rứa	—	ru sao³
Extent 1⁴ b-	bây	bấy	—	—	bao
Extent 2⁵ v-	vầy	vậy	—	—	—
¹ Originally can only follow a nominal (being used attributively), hence nơi này (“this place; here”), nơi nào (“where”) (no longer completely true in the modern language). ² Can be used on its own/is itself nominal, hence đây (“here”), đâu (“where”). ³ From earlier C-raːw (where C is nonspecific consonant). ⁴ Placed before the head: bây nhiêu (“this much”), bấy nhiêu (“that much”), bao nhiêu (“how much”). ⁵ Placed after the head: nhanh vầy (“this fast”), nhanh vậy (“that fast/so fast”).
	Distal (ngang)			Remote (huyền)
Northern-Southern	kia (cơ)			kìa (cờ)
Central	tê			tề
⁶ Originally, these demonstratives might have been used to assert that something is visible and/or verifiable. They have been bleached quite thoroughly and currently are usually used like other distal demonstratives. The biggest trace of their evidentiality might be in their usage as final particles, often in reduced forms cơ/cờ: [t]ừ đấy về tới Hà Nội, còn những ba cái cầu nữa cơ mà! ("From there to Hanoi, there're still three more bridges to cross!") (Ba ngày luân lạc, 1943).